cell division - mitosis. so why do cells divide? smaller cells have a larger surface area (cell...
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Cell Division - MitosisCell Division - Mitosis
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So WHY do cells divide?So WHY do cells divide?
Smaller cells have a larger surface area (cell membrane) to volume (cytoplasm/organelles) ratio and therefore are more efficient in getting things in (nutrients) and out (wastes) of cells.
Smaller cells have a larger surface area (cell membrane) to volume (cytoplasm/organelles) ratio and therefore are more efficient in getting things in (nutrients) and out (wastes) of cells.
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When do cells divide by mitosis?
a) during growth
b) for repair (regeneration)
c) reproduction in single cell organisms
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During Growth
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For Repair (Regeneration)
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Reproduction- for single celled organisms
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MITOSISMITOSIS
Cell division in body/somatic cells
Cell division in body/somatic cells
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One chromosome after duplication/replication has
2 chromatids!
One chromosome after duplication/replication has
2 chromatids!
Sister chromatids made during S phase of Interphase
It goes from B to C during Anaphase
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Some vocabSome vocab
Chromosomes- long thread of DNA in nucleus - there are 46 chromosomes in each cell
Genes - small section of chromosome/DNA Chromatids- each duplicated strand of
chromosome. Centromere- structure that holds the
identical pairs of chromosomes (chromatids) together.
Chromosomes- long thread of DNA in nucleus - there are 46 chromosomes in each cell
Genes - small section of chromosome/DNA Chromatids- each duplicated strand of
chromosome. Centromere- structure that holds the
identical pairs of chromosomes (chromatids) together.
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Cell Cycle Cell Cycle
Interphase G1 = first growth
phase ~ 9 hrs S = Synthesis phase
~ 10 hrs G2 = second growth
phase ~ 2 hrs
Interphase G1 = first growth
phase ~ 9 hrs S = Synthesis phase
~ 10 hrs G2 = second growth
phase ~ 2 hrs
•Cell cycle includes interphase & mitosis
•Interphase is the longest part of the cell cycle.
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Cell cycle memory aidCell cycle memory aid Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase,
Telophase, Cytokinesis Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase,
Telophase, Cytokinesis
Intelligent People Meet At Three o’ClockIntergalactic People Make A lot of Tiny CarsIan parties Mainly At Twelve o’ClockInsane People Make A Terrific CasseroleIndecisive People Make A Terrifying ChildInteresting Peas Make (P)Terodactyl ClocksInsects Poop Mega And Tough CookiesIntelligent Prophets Make Amazing Turkey Casseroles
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InterphaseInterphase
• Parent Cell – “Resting Phase”• Cell is undergoing normal cell activities (Protein Synthesis,
etc..)• Not really ‘at rest’, but not actively dividing!
• The Chromosomes are in an extended form and seen as chromatin (DNA+protein) - dense mass.
• The nucleus is visible.• Cell size increases• DNA of the chromosome is replicated.
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ProphaseProphase
• Chromatin condense so that they are seen to consist of 2 chromatids joined by a centromere.
• The centrioles move toward opposite poles of the cell.• Spindle fibers are produced & extend from each
centrosomes.• Nuclear membrane starts to disappear• Nucleolus is no longer visible
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MetaphaseMetaphase
• The chromosomes line up at the equatorial plate.• The spindle fibers from each centrioles are attached
to the centromeres of the chromosomes.• The nuclear membrane has completely
disappeared.
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AnaphaseAnaphase
• The centromeres splits & the sister chromatids separate as each is pulled to an opposite pole.
• Single strand chromatid are now called chromosomes
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TelophaseTelophase
• The chromosomes become longer, thinner, & less distinct• New nuclear membrane forms• The nucleolus reappears• Cytokinesis begins
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CytokinesisCytokinesis
Cytoplasm divides Cleavage furrow- cytokinesis in animal cells Cell plate forms- cytokinesis in plant cells
Two daughter cells are formed with their own nucleus
Cytoplasm divides Cleavage furrow- cytokinesis in animal cells Cell plate forms- cytokinesis in plant cells
Two daughter cells are formed with their own nucleus
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CELL IN INTERPHASE….
Daughter Cells – “Resting Phase”See the chromatin
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IN SUMMARY-Mitosis is:NuclearDuplication
-CytokinesisIs Cytoplasmic
division
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Mitosis & Chromosome Terms (ploidy = number)Mitosis & Chromosome
Terms (ploidy = number)
Monoploid or haploid(n)- half the normal condition in animals (ie. Sex cells)
Diploid(2n)- normal chromosome condition Tetraploid(4n)- 2times normal condition
Humans: n=23 chromosometherefore…
46 chromosome in our body cells &23 chromosomes in our sex cells
If 23 = n; then 46 = 2n; and 92 = 4n
Monoploid or haploid(n)- half the normal condition in animals (ie. Sex cells)
Diploid(2n)- normal chromosome condition Tetraploid(4n)- 2times normal condition
Humans: n=23 chromosometherefore…
46 chromosome in our body cells &23 chromosomes in our sex cells
If 23 = n; then 46 = 2n; and 92 = 4n
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Chromatid
ChromosomeChromosome
Interphase: The DNA Replicates & chromosomes are doubled
Chromosome
Anaphase: the centromere splits and the 2 chromatids are now 2 chromosomes
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Interphase: 2n Chromosome Condition:
Prophase: 2n
Metaphase: 2n
Telophase: 4n
Anaphase: 4n
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INTERPHASE
METAPHASE
TELOPHASE
PROPHASE
ANAPHASE
DAUGHTER CELLS
METAPHASE
ANAPHASE
TELOPHASE
LAB B-1-3 Drawings:Whitefish Blastula
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http://www.iknow.net/CDROMs/cell_cdrom/cellmovies.shtml
http://www.sci.sdsu.edu/multimedia/mitosis/mitosis_control.html
http://www.cellsalive.com/mitosis.htm
Mitosis Tutorial for Studentshttp://www.biology.arizona.edu/Cell_bio/tutorials/cell_cycle/cells3.html
http://hrsbstaff.ednet.ns.ca/bfougere/science9assist.htm