CELL EVOLUTIONCIELO CAROLINA

CASAS CRUZ

INTRODUCTIONEukaryotic and prokaryotic cell have many differences like the organelles or nucleus but an

important similarity, the genetic material.

Both have DNA, for this reason is possible manipulate them as

experimental models.

Bacterial cell wall can change and produce antibiotic resistance

Antibiotics can inhibit the growth of the bacterial also can kill the cell.

The researches investigated the peptidoglycan structure on the cell wall in the acetic acid bacteria, one of the findings was the modification in the diaminopimelic acid a highly conserved amino acid in the peptidoglycan cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria.

β-lactam antibiotics inhibit the bacterial growth because they interfere with the peptidoglycan layer biosynthesis, as a consequence the cell dies.

“Bacteria are surrounded by peptidoglycan that is the major target of β-lactam antibiotics such as Penicillin.”

As a result, the study show the ability of bacteria to modify its cell wall against predatory enzymes and fly innate immunity.

This study is important for biology because these bacteria have develop structural adjustments to create better cell walls, resistant to any environment.

OBSERVATIONAlthough they have spent millions of years the cell continue to be the most important unit in life. For this reason is important to focus on the pursuit of biological knowledge because in the cell are the answer to many questions.

Bacterias are related to human life, they are involved in biological processes like immunity and cause pathologies interfering with health. Now bacterias can adapt its wall structure avoiding the only way that science could combat their damage, with antibiotics.

The vaccines can be rapidly adapted to mutating diseases because the RNA can be reprogrammed.

They managed to program RNA to create antigens that would induce an immune response, produce antibodies, and prep the immune system for future disease

The Massachusetts Institute of Technology virologist

Dr. Jasdave Chahal

Dr. Omar Khan

“Chahal and Khan have successfully immunized mice to Ebola, H1N1 influenza, and a relative of the parasite that causes malaria, Toxoplasma gondii, with 100 percent effectiveness.”

Package the messenger RNA as nanoparticles, which can enter cells, mimic viral infections, raise cellular alarms, and use the instructions contained within the RNA to activate the cell’s defenses.

“The programmable RNA vaccines are fully synthetic, they do not require living systems to grow and the production method is identical for any disease”

In just a matter of days, nano-materials can be stockpiled and disease-specific RNA vaccines can be developed

Integrate areas of knowledge has led to progress in the search for solutions to the major problems that we present today, the development of new methods to diagnose and treat diseases have reduced risks.

Nanotechnology gives the possibility to go further and facilitates the development of tools such as vaccine because it reduces the production time and contributing to immediate response to sudden Outbreaks.

OBSERVATION

“EPIDEMIC DISEASES AND MULTIDRUG-RESISTANT PATIENTS

CAN BE CONTROLLED IN LESS TIME IF WE CONTINUE TO INVESTIGATE THE

CELL BECAUSE EVEN IT REMAINS UNKNOWN TO MAN.”

MEDICAL UTILITY

MEDICAL UTILITY

Both studies show the importance of biology, the knowledge of cell allows develop methods to implement in many diseases that now are a public health problematic.

In the immune area we can see that a lot of studies are focused to find the best solution to antimicrobial resistance because represent a big problem for treatment to many bacterial diseases.

MEDICAL UTILITY

AS WE CAN SEE, NANOTECHNOLOGY OPENED A NEW DOOR FOR BIOLOGY, GENETIC AND MEDICINE BECAUSE NOW IS POSSIBLE TO

CREATE NEW TREATMENTS WHICH CAN REACH VULNERABLE POPULATIONS AND IMPROVE THEIR QUALITY OF LIFE.

MEDICAL UTILITY

Martinez Sánchez LM. Biologia molecular. 8. ed. Medellín: UPB. Fac. de Medicina, 2015.

Alberts B, Bray D, Hopkin K. Johnson A, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, Walter P. Essential cell biology. 4th. ed. United States of America: Garland Sciense; 2014.

Digital Trends ( 2016, July 7). MIT researchers are designing programmable RNA vaccines to combat diseases. Retrieved July 20, 2016: http://

www.digitaltrends.com/health-fitness/programmable-rna-vaccines/#ixzz4FGkb8NZJ

MNT( 2016, July 11) How the bacterial protective shell is adapted to challenging environments. Retrieved July 20, 2016: http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/

releases/311578.php

Katzung B. Farmacología básica y clínica. Novena edición. California:The McGraw- Hill; 2004.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

"NO HAY MEDICINA QUE CURE LO QUE NO CURA LA FELICIDAD"

— GABRIEL GARCÍA MÁRQUEZ