cell growth and division
DESCRIPTION
Cell Growth and Division. Breaking Down the Definitions. Cell division Chromatid Centromere Interphase Cell cycle Mitosis Prophase Centriole Spindle Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis Homologous Diplois Haploid Meiosis Tetrad Crossing-ove r. Cell Division. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Cell Growth and Division
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Breaking Down the Definitions• Cell division• Chromatid• Centromere• Interphase• Cell cycle• Mitosis• Prophase• Centriole• Spindle• Metaphase
• Anaphase• Telophase• Cytokinesis• Homologous• Diplois• Haploid• Meiosis• Tetrad• Crossing-over
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Cell Division•Before a cell becomes too large it divides and forms to DAUGHTER Cells. This process is called CELL DIVISION (or reproduction).
•Cell Division Video CLip
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The Chromosome
•During cell division the cell’s DNA is coiled compactly into a CHROMOSOME
•Each chromosome is a single DNA molecule
•The DNA wraps tightly around a protein called HISTONE (helps maintain the chromosome’s shape)
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Anatomy of a Chromosome• Each half of a chromosome is
called a CHROMATID• Chromatids form as the DNA
copies itself before cell division• The 2 Chromatids are attached at
a point called a CENTROMERE• CHROMATIN=less tightly areas of
DNA between cell divisions
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Chromosome Numbers• Every species has a certain number of
chromosomes in each cell.• Animal chromosomes are either:
• Sex Chromosomes—will determine the gender of an organism (X and Y)
• Autosomes—all of the other chromosomes
• Cells with 2 sets of Chromosomes are DIPLOID
• Cells with one set of chromosomes are HAPLOID (sex cells…half the number of chromosomes)
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Chromosomes Clip• How many chromosomes does a potato have?
• How many chromosomes do Ferns have?
• After the video…in your own words why do different organisms have different numbers of chromosomes??
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The Cell Cycle•The CELL CYCLE is the repeating events of the life of a cell.
• Interphase is the period between cell divisions
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Interphase occurs before mitosis begins
• Chromosomes are copied (# doubles)• Chromosomes appear as threadlike coils (chromatin) at the
start, but each chromosome and its copy(sister chromosome) change to sister chromatids at end of this phase
CELL MEMBRANENucleus
Cytoplasm
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InterphaseAnimal Cell Plant Cell
Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm
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Prophase 1st step in Mitosis
• Mitosis begins (cell begins to divide)• Centrioles (or poles) appear and begin to move to opposite
end of the cell. • Spindle fibers form between the poles.
CentriolesSister chromatids
Spindle fibers
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ProphaseAnimal Cell Plant Cell
Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm
Spindle fibers
Centrioles
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Metaphase 2nd step in Mitosis
•Chromatids (or pairs of chromosomes) attach to the spindle fibers.
Centrioles
Spindle fibers
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MetaphaseAnimal Cell Plant Cell
Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm
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Anaphase 3rd step in Mitosis
•Chromatids (or pairs of chromosomes) separate and begin to move to opposite ends of the cell.
Centrioles
Spindle fibers
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AnaphaseAnimal Cell Plant Cell
Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm
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Telophase 4th step in Mitosis
• Two new nuclei form. • Chromosomes appear as chromatin (threads rather than
rods).• Mitosis ends.
NucleiNuclei
Chromatin
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TelophaseAnimal Cell Plant Cell
Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm
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Cytokinesisoccurs after mitosis
•Cell membrane moves inward to create two daughter cells – each with its own nucleus with identical chromosomes.
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REMEMBER!InterphaseProphaseMetaphaseAnaphaseTelophaseCytokinesis
IPMATC
I P___ M___ A___ T___ C______
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Label it!
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Brainpop Mitosis
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Stages of Mitosis Animation
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It’s your turn! Identify the stages of mitosis…
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Mitosis Dance Video
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Onion Tips and Whitefish…
View 1 View 2 View 3 View 4 View 5
Whitefish
Onion
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Meiosis I (four phases)• Cell division that reduces the chromosome number
by one-half.
• four phases:a. prophase Ib. metaphase Ic. anaphase Id. telophase I
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Interphase I
• Similar to mitosis interphase.
• Chromosomes replicate (S phase).
• Each duplicated chromosome consist of two identical sister chromatids attached at their centromeres.
• Centriole pairs also replicate.
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Interphase I•Nucleus and nucleolus visible.
nuclear membrane
nucleolus
cell membrane
chromatin
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Prophase I• Longest and most complex phase (90%).
• Chromosomes condense.
• Synapsis occurs: homologous chromosomes come together to form a tetrad.
• Tetrad is two chromosomes or four chromatids (sister and nonsister chromatids).
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Crossing Over
•Crossing over (variation) may occur between nonsister chromatids
•Crossing over: segments of nonsister chromatids break and reattach to the other chromatid.
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Crossing Over - variation
nonsister chromatids
chiasmata: site of crossing over
variation
Tetrad
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Metaphase I• Shortest phase
• Tetrads align on the metaphase plate.
• INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT OCCURS:1. The random separation of the homologous chromosomes---this results in GENETIC VARIATION
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Metaphase I
metaphase plate
OR
metaphase plate
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Anaphase I• Homologous chromosomes separate and move towards the poles.
• Sister chromatids remain attached at their centromeres.
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Anaphase I
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Telophase I
• Each pole now has haploid set of chromosomes.
• Cytokinesis occurs and two haploid daughter cells are formed.
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Telophase I
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Meiosis II• No interphase II
(or very short - no more DNA replication)
• Remember: Meiosis II is similar to mitosis
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Prophase II• same as prophase in mitosis
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Metaphase II• same as metaphase in mitosis
metaphase platemetaphase plate
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Anaphase II• same as anaphase in mitosis• sister chromatids separate
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Telophase II
• Same as telophase in mitosis.
• Nuclei form.
• Cytokinesis occurs.
• Remember: four haploid daughter cells produced.
gametes = sperm or egg
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Telophase II
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Meiosis I
Draw This!
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Meiosis II
DrawThis!
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Meiosis
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Cells Dividing Clip
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Meiosis Pipe Cleaner Lab
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Snowball Fight!
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