cell ion part 11

8/6/2019 Cell ion Part 11

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CELL ORGANISATION

At the end of the lesson you should be able to:

State the necessity for cell specialisation inmulticellular organisms as compared to unicellularorganisms

Describe cell specialisation in multicellularorganisms

Describe cell organisation in the formation oftissues, organs and systems in multicellularorganisms


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Living processes in unicellular organisms

Unicellular organisms

- is made up of only a single cell- able to perform all vital functions and

living processes.

- Examples :Amoeba sp., Parameciumsp., Chlamydomonas sp.


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Item Amoeba sp. Paramecium sp.1. Diagram &

Generalcharacteristi

cs

Inner cytoplasm

endoplasm

Outer cytoplasm

ectoplasm

Pseudopodia movement

& feeding.

Cilia cover outer

surface, involved in

feeding and locomotion

2. Habitat Most species live in freshwaterponds and lakes.

Amoeba sp. found abundantly in muddy area

Paramecium sp. found in ponds rich in decaying

organic matter.

3.Respiration

Gases exchange by diffusion across the body surface //plasma membrane


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Item Amoeba sp. Paramecium sp.4. Feeding

engulfs food by

phagocytosis

feeds using psedopodia

two pseudopodia extand

out and enclose the foodparticles. The food particles

are then packaged in a food

vacuole, which fuse with a

lysosome

The food particles are

digested by lysozimes. The

the beating of the cilia

along the oral groove

sweeps water and

suspended foods into

cytostom.

food vacuole is formed,

foods are digested by

hydrolytic enzyme.

digested foods then

diffuse into the cytoplasm.

the undigested materials


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Item Amoeba sp. Paramecium sp.5. Excretion waste products are expelled by diffusion

contractile vacuole to control osmotic pressure(osmoregulation) by expelling excess water and their

contents

6.

Locomotion

using its pseudopodia

moves extending its

pseudopodia ( cytoplasmicprojection)

Cytoplasm flows into the

projected pseudopodia and

anchoring the tips to the

ground.

using the rhythmic

beating of the cilia

this action enables theparamecium to move

forward while rotating and

spiraling along its axis

7.Reproduction

Reproduces asexually by

binary fission and by forming

spores

reproduces asexually by

binary fission and also

sexually by conjugation


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Cell specialisation in multicellular organisms

Multicellular organisms organisms that are madeup of many cells.

Multicellular organisms such as humans begin life

as a single cell known as zygote (fertilisationbetween ovum and sperm).

Zygote two identical cells 4 identical cells 8identical

cells

Specialised cells embryo (balls of cells)(Transport, defence,

support & etc)

Cell specialisation enabling different types of cells to

function effectively. Cells Tissue Or ans S stem Multicellular

Cell division

Cell division

Cell divisionCell division

Change shape, differentiate

specialisation


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Item ExplanationExamples

Animal Plant

Cell Basic units in allliving things

Epithelial cells Phloem

Tissue Consists of similar

cells performing a

similarfunction

Epithelial

tissue

Vascular

tissue

Organ Composed of tissue

that perform a

specialized function

Small intestine Leaf

System Consists of severalorgans that

cooperate to out a

living process

Digestivesystem Transportsystem

Organis

m

Made up of all the

systems

Human Rambutan

Tree


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Animal Tissue

MuscleTissue

EpithelialTissue

Nerve TissueConnective

Tissue

EpithelialTissue


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EpithelialTissue

- Consists of one or

more layers of cell.

- It covers body

surface, inner liningof cavities and also

forming gland.

- associated with

protection,

absorption, secretion

- Lining of the lungs,

body cavities, heart

and blood vessels

- Lining ofkidneytubules, glands and

ducts

- Lining oftrachea

- Lining ofsmall

intestine

-Surface of the skin.

- lining of the mouth and

oesophagus


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Muscle

Tissuea) Skeletal muscle- Found in our

arms and legs.

- Involved in

voluntary

movements- Contract and

relax to move the

bones.

b) Smooth muscle- Can be found in intestines, blood vessels, urinary and

reproductive tracts.

- contraction and relaxation of smooth muscles are responsible

forinvoluntarybody activities. (ex. Peristaltic movement along

digestive tract)

- contract more slowly than skeletal muscles.

c) Cardiac muscle

- Can be found in the wall of

the hearts

-contract to pump the blood

to all parts of the body.

- contraction is involuntary


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Nerve Tissue

Composed of nervecells (neurones)

Neurones

- Consist of cell body and

nerve fibres called dendrites

and axons.

Neurones

- Detect stimuli and transmit

electric signals (nerve impulses)

to muscles or glands

Control andcoordinate body

activities of the

body


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Connective

Tissue-consist of various typesof cells and fibres

separated by an

extracellular matrix.

a) Loose connective tissue

- Binds epithelia to underlying

tissue and hold organs in

place

b) Dense fibrous connective tissue

- Contains large number of collagenous fibres

- can be found in tendon (connect muscles to bone)

and ligaments (connect bones to bones at joint).

d) Cartilage

- Strong and flexible tissue.

-provides support to the nose, ears,

- cover the ends ofbones at joints.

- disc between the vertebrae act as cushion to

absorb pressure also made of cartilage.

c) Bones

-Consists of cell

embedded in a matrix of

collagen- hardened by mineral

deposit (Ca and Ph)

- harder than cartilage

-provides protection to

organs and support the

body

f) Blood cells

- Produced in the bone

marrow.

- RBC, WBC & Platlets

- regulating,

transporting, and

protective functions

e) Adipose tissue- Consists of tightly packed cells that

stores fat.

- can be found in the dermis of the

skin and around the major organs.

- acts as an energy reserve and also

provides insulation and protection.


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Organs formed by two or more types of tissues working together to perform a particular

function.

Ex. Skin covers the body

as a barrier against infection, physical trauma and water loss.

consists various types of tissues.

composed of two main layer

epidermis (made up of epithelial tissue)

- dermis ( made up of connective tissue, nerve tissue, epithelialtissue, and muscle tissue)


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Epidermis

Hair follicle

Hypodermis

Sebaceous gland

Dermis

Adipose

tissueErector muscle

Blood

capillary

Epithelium cell

Sweat gland

Low

temperature

receptor

Hair


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Function of the tissues in skin

Epithelium tissues undergo cell division

- specialised epithelial cells form glands such as hair follicle(produce hair), sweat glands ( secrete sweat) and oil glands

(secrete sebum lubricates hair and skin).

Smooth muscle (hair erector muscle) attached to hair

follicle. When smooth muscle contract, it causes the hair tostand on end

Nerve endings scattered all over the dermis and epidermis.

- are receptor for pressure, temperature, touch and pain.

- detect various stimuli and transmit impulse to nervoussystem

Connective tissues contain elastic and collagen fibres which

give elasticity to the skin

- Blood capillaries supply blood to the skin


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Systems

consists of several organs that worktogether to perfom common function.

integumentary system, respiratory

system, nervous system, reproductive

system, sketelal system, excretory

system, muscular system, digestive

system, lymphatic system, endocrine

system and circulatory system


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Excretory


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PLANT TISSUES

ERISTEMATIC

TISSUES

Have undergo // still

undergoing cell division.

Small cells, large nuclei,

dense cytoplasm,

no vacuoles

Located at root tips and

shoot buds

PERMANENT

TISSUES

Epidermal tissue

Vascular tissue

Ground tissue

Parenchyma tissue

Collenchyma tissue

Sclerenchyma tissuePhloem

Xylem

- Haveundergone and

still undergoing

differentiation

- Mature tissue


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Plant Tissues and OrgansType of tissues Examples // functions

b) Permanent tissues : - have undergone // still undergoing differentiation

: - mature tissues

i) Ground tissues

y Parenchyma - found in all organs of a plant

- roughly spherical cells, thin cell wall, large vacuole

- store sugar and starch

- support herbaceous plants. ( cell turgid )

y Chollenchyma- have unevenly thickened cell walls

(cellulose) esp. at the corner

- support herbaceous plants,

- support petioles,& young stems.y Sclerenchyma - cell walls are impregnated // thickened

with lignin (wood) .

- play an important role in support , strengthens stems

- found in stems and midribs of leaves.

-

characteristic

function

Dead cells

characteristic

function

characteristic

function


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ii) vascular tissue y Xylem : transports water & mineral nutrients from

the roots right up to the leaves.

: consists ofxylem vessels & tracheid

: cell walls are thickened with lignin forsupport.

y Phloem : transports glucose/sugar from leaves to all

parts of a plant.

: consists mainly of sieve tubes .

iii) Epidermal tissue y Flat cells and have large vacuoles

y The outermost layer that covers the stems, leaves,

and roots.

y Cuticle epidermal cells are covered with wax.

y Never contain chlorophyll

y Guard cells specialised epidermal cells which contain

chlorophyll and control the opening and closing of

stomata.

y Root hairs epidermal cells have long projection to

increase the surface area for water absorption.

- cells are not covered with wax .

Type of tissues Examples // functions

Sieve

tubes

Cuticle

layer

Prevent water loss

Guard cells

Epidermis cells

Protects from injury

n invasion of

microorganisms

Xylem vessels

Trakeid


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STRUCTURE OF LEAF

UPPEREPIDERMIS

LAMINA

STOMATA

VASCULAR

BUNDLE

PALISADE

MESOPHYLL

LOWER

EPIDERMIS

SPONGY

MESOPHYLL

GUARDCELL

CHLOROPLAST


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Plant

Support system

Shoot systemStem

Leaves

Buds

Consists of

CONSISTS OF

flower

Root system

BranchesStem


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Leaf

Organ

Ground tissues

Epidermal tissues

Vascular tissues

Made up of


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TAKE 5 .

cell ion part 11

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