cell organelles structure &...
TRANSCRIPT
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CELL ORGANELLES STRUCTURE & FUNCTION
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Prokaryotes
¨ Nucleoid region (center) contains the DNA
¨ Always single-celled
organisms. ¨ Surrounded by cell
membrane & cell wall
¨ Contain ribosomes (no membrane) in their cytoplasm to make proteins
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Eukaryotes
¨ Cells that HAVE a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
¨ Includes protists, fungi,
plants, and animals ¨ More complex type of
cells
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Eukaryotic Cells
Contain 3 basic cell structures:
1. Nucleus 2. Cell Membrane 3. Cytoplasm with
organelles
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Two Main Types of Cells
Plant Cell Animal Cell
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Organelles
¨ Perform various functions for a cell ¨ Found in the cytoplasm ¨ May or may not be membrane-bound
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Animal Cell Organelles
Nucleolus Nucleus
Nuclear envelope
Ribosome (attached)
Ribosome (free) Cell Membrane
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Mitochondrion
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Centrioles
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Plant Cell Organelles
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Cell or Plasma Membrane
¨ Surrounds outside of ALL cells ¨ Controls what enters or leaves the cell ¨ Both Plant and animal cells ¨ Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Outside of cell
Inside of cell (cytoplasm)
Cell membrane
Proteins
Protein channel Lipid bilayer
Carbohydrate chains
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Cell Membrane is FLUID
¨ Molecules in cell membranes are constantly moving and changing
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Cell Wall
¨ Protection and support ¨ Only in Plant Cells ¨ Found in both
Eukaryote and Prokaryotes
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Cytoplasm
¨ Jelly-like substance ¨ Contains the molecules and organelles in a cell
¨ Both Animal and Plant Cells
¨ Both Prokaryote and Eukaryote Cells
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Nucleus
• Controls the normal activities of the cell
• Genetic control center of the cell
• Surrounded by a nuclear envelope (membrane) with pores
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Nucleus
• Each cell has fixed number of chromosomes that carry genes (made of DNA)
• Genes control cell
characteristics
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Nuclear Membrane
¨ Surrounds the nucleus ¨ Regulates the passage of materials between the
nucleus and cytoplasm ¨ Both plant and animal cells ¨ Only eukaryotes
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Mitochondria
¨ Powerhouse of the cell ¨ Supplies the cell with
ENERGY (ATP)
¨ Both Plant and Animal Cells
¨ Only Eukaryote
¨ Site of Cellular Respiration ¨ Has its own DNA!
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Chloroplast
¨ Only in plant cells ¨ Contain the green pigment Chlorophyll ¨ Use energy from sunlight to make own food
(glucose)
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Lysosomes
¨ Contain enzymes for digestions and breaking down substances
¨ Lysosomes digest food and get rid of the waste! ¨ In BOTH plant and animal cells ¨ Only in Eukaryotes
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Vacuoles
¨ Fluid filled sacks for storage
¨ Small or absent in animal
cells ¨ Plants have large central
vacuole
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Ribosomes
¨ Make Proteins ¤ “Protein Factories” for the cell
¨ Join amino acids to make proteins ¨ Both Plant and Animal Cells ¨ Both Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
¨ Network of hollow membrane tubules ¨ Connects to nuclear envelope and cell membrane ¨ Functions in synthesis/production of cell products
and transport
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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER)
¨ Has ribosomes on its surface ¨ Makes membrane proteins and proteins for export
out of the cell.
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Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
¨ Smooth ER lacks ribosomes on its surface
¨ Is attached to the ends of rough ER
¨ Makes cell products that are used inside of the cell.
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Golgi Apparatus/Body/Complex
¨ Modifies, collects, packages, and distributes molecules from the ER for storage or transport out of cell
¨ Both plant and animal cells ¨ Only Eukaryotes
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Cilia and Flagella
¨ Cilia are shorter, hair like and more numerous on cells
¨ Flagella are longer
and fewer (usually 1-3) on cells. Whip like motion
¨ Main function is movement