cell reproduction chapter 8. chromosomes vs. chromatin
TRANSCRIPT
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Cell Reproduction
Chapter 8
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Chromosomes
Vs.
Chromatin
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Chromosomes
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Chromatin
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Think of it like
Cookies!
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Chromatin
Chromosomes
MAKES
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Our cells are constantly needing to replace themselves.
For example, when we get a paper cut or any kind of cut, those cells need to be replaced.
Also, cells in your stomach lining constantly need to be replaced, and even bone marrow cells.
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Cell Division:
What is it?
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The Cell Cycle is a sequence of separate periods of __________ & __________
The period where the cell grows in size, metabolizes, and spends a majority of its life is _______________
Also, during this period, the chromosomes are ___________ to prepare for cell division.
Growth Division
INTERPHASE
duplicated
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The period where the cell undergoes nuclear division and creates 2 daughter cells is called ____________
Each daughter cell contains a ____________ set of the parent cell’s chromosomes.
MITOSIS
Complete
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Which phase of the cell cycle takes the longest?
75% of a cell’s life is
spent in Interphase
Copies itschromosomes
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G2
S
G1
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“Checkpoints” = stop & go-ahead signals to regulate the cycle
Regulatory molecules, usually enzymes (protein kinases)To become active
kinases need a cyclin to trigger them
Often called “Cdks” (cyclin-dependent kinases)
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The first phase = ____________
This is the ________ phase (OF MITOSIS) During this phase, chromatin coils to form visible _____________ Each chromosome is made up of ___ sister chromatids and are held together by a __________*Remember: The chromosomes are duplicated in ____________ to prepare for cell division
PROPHASE
longest
chromosomes2
centromere
Interphase
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One Chromatid
Duplicated Chromatidsister chromatids
The TWO together are
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In addition, the ________ envelope starts to disappear and the __________ disintegrates.
In animal cells, ___________ migrate to opposite ends of the cell and ________ ________ begin to form.
In plant cells _______ _______ form without centrioles.
nuclearnucleolus
centriolesspindle
fibers
Spindle fibers
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The Second Phase = _____________
• The chromosomes begin to line up along the _________ of the cell
• The spindle fibers _______ to the centromeres.
• Each chromatid has its own spindle fiber attached
METAPHASE
Equator
attach
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The Third Phase = ____________
This marks the ___________ of sister chromatids.
The centromeres ______ and the ______ ___________ are pulled apart to opposite poles of the cell by shortening spindle fibers
ANAPHASE
separation
splitsister chromatids
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The Fourth Phase = ______________
Here two distinct _________ cells start to form.
In addition, the _____________ unwind, the spinder fibers ______ down, the _________ reappears, a new nuclear __________ forms, and a new double __________ begins to form between the two nuclei.
TELOPHASE
daughter
chromosomesbreak nucleolus
envelopemembrane
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Cytokinesis
the division of ____________
Toward the end of telophase in animal cells, the plasma membrane _______ in along the equator
In plant cells, a ____ _________ forms around each cell and new cell ______ form on each side of the cell plate until separation is complete.
cytoplasm
pinches
cell membranewall
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Can you identify any of the stages?
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Now the cells are separated, they will continue in the cell cycle and enter __________interphase