cell structure 2013
TRANSCRIPT
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Plant and Animal Cells
http://www.microscopy-uk.net/vidplanet/video/show/o1GQyciJaTA/online
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Cells are the Starting Point
• All living organisms on Earth are divided in pieces called cells.
• There are smaller parts in cells that include proteins and organelles.
• Cells work together to make tissues and systems.
• Cells are small compartments that hold all of the biological equipment necessary to keep an organism alive and successful on Earth.
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Cells are the Starting Point
• A main purpose of a cell is to organize. Cells hold a variety of pieces and each cell has a different set of functions.
• It is easier for an organism to grow and survive when cells are present. If you were only made of one cell, you would only be able to grow to a certain size. You don't find single cells that are as large as a cow. Also, if you were only one cell you couldn't have a nervous system, no muscles for movement, and using the internet would be out of the question. The trillions of cells in your body make your life possible.
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Cell Membrane
• When you think about a membrane, imagine it is like a big plastic bag with some tiny holes.
• That bag holds all of the cell pieces and fluids inside the cell and keeps any nasty things outside the cell.
• The holes are there to let some things move in and out of the cell.
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Cell Membrane
• Outer membrane of cell
• Semi-permeable membrane that controls movement of materials in and out of the cell.
• Contains proteins
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Cytoskeleton
• Supports cell and provides shape
• Helps move materials in and out of cells
• Composed of microtubules
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Cytoplasm• Cytoplasm is the fluid that fills a cell. • The cell organelles are suspended in the cytoplasm. • The cytoplasm has many different molecules
dissolved in solution. You'll find enzymes, fatty acids, sugars, and amino acids that are used to keep the cell working.
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Cytoplasm
• The cytoplasm in a cell does more than just suspend the organelles. It uses its dissolved enzymes to break down materials.
• The products can then be used by the organelles of the cell.
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Cytoplasm
• Cytoplasm is the fluid that fills a cell.• Contains the cell materials
• A thick jelly like substance in which organelles float.
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Centrioles
• Paired cylindrical organelles near nucleus
• Involved in cellular division
• Are at right angles to each other
• Composed of nine tubes, each with three tubules
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Nucleus
• The cell nucleus acts like the brain of the cell.
• It helps control eating, movement, and reproduction.
• If it happens in a cell, chances are the nucleus knows about it.
• The nucleus is not always in the center of the cell. It will be a big dark spot somewhere in the middle of all of the cytoplasm. You probably won't find it near the edge of a cell because that might be a dangerous place for the nucleus to be.
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Nucleus
• It is the largest
organelle.
• One or more per
cell.
• The cell nucleus acts like the brain of the cell - controls cell activities.
• It helps control eating, movement, and reproduction.
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Chromosomes
• Found in the nucleus of each cell, the DNA molecule is packaged into thread-like structures.
• Holds the code that control the cell. Contains genetic information
• Composed of DNA
• Set number per species (i.e. 23 pairs for human)
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Nuclear membrane
• Surrounds nucleus
• Composed of two layers
• Controls movement of materials in and out of the nucleus.
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Nucleolus
• Spherical shape
• Visible when cell is not dividing
• Contains RNA for protein manufacture
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Nucleolus
• an organelle within the nucleus - it is where ribosomal RNA is produced.
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Mitochondrion• Mitochondria are known as the powerhouses of the
cell.
• They are organelles that act like a digestive system that takes in nutrients, breaks them down, and creates energy for the cell.
• The process of creating cell energy is known as cellular respiration.
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Mitochondrion• The process of creating cell energy is known as
cellular respiration.
• Most of the chemical reactions involved in cellular respiration happen in the mitochondria. A mitochondrion is shaped perfectly to maximize its efforts.
• Mitochondria are very small organelles.
There are cells with several thousand mitochondria. The number depends on
the cell’s function.
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• Located in the cytoplasm
• Rod-shaped bodies that release energy for cell use.
• they are the sites of cellular respiration which generates fuel for the cell's activities
• are also involved in cell division
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Golgi Bodies• The Golgi bodies or Golgi complex is
found in most cells. • It is a packaging organelle.• The Golgi complex gathers simple molecules and
combines them to make molecules that are more complex.
• It then takes those big molecules, packages them, and either stores them for later use or sends them out of the cell.
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Golgi Bodies
• It is also the organelle that builds lysosomes (cell digestion machines).
• Golgi complexes in the plant may also create complex sugars .
• The Golgi complex is a series of membranes shaped like pancakes.
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Golgi Bodies
• Packages and move protein to the outside of the cell.
• Molecules are packaged for delivery to other cell components or for removal from the cell.
• Stores and release chemicals for cell use.
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EndoplasmicReticulum (ER)
• The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is responsible for the production of the protein and lipid components of most of the cell's organelles.
• The ER is additionally responsible for moving proteins and other carbohydrates to the Golgi apparatus, to the plasma membrane, to the lysosomes, or wherever else needed.
• It creates a network of membranes found through the whole cell.
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EndoplasmicReticulum
(ER)• The ER may also look different from cell to
cell, depending on the cell's function.
• Rough ER looks like sheets of bumpy membranes while smooth ER looks more like tubes.
• Smooth ER acts as a storage organelle.
• Rough ER are very important in the synthesis and packaging of proteins.
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• Tube network in cytoplasm where cell substances are made.
• Goes through cytoplasm into cell membrane
• Stores, separates, and serves as cell's transport system
• Smooth type: lacks ribosomes• Rough type (pictured): ribosomes embedded in surface• Breaks down lipids, and packages proteins for release from
the cell.
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Ribosomes • Each cell contains thousands
• Miniature 'protein factories’
• Composes 25% of cell's mass
• Stationary type: embedded in rough endoplasmic reticulum
• Mobile type: injects proteins directly into cytoplasm
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Ribosomes
• The smallest structures in the cell.
• Proteins are made in these.
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• Lysosomes hold enzymes that were created by the cell.
• The purpose of the lysosome is to digest things.
• They might be used to digest food or break down the cell when it dies.
Lysosomes
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• The lysosomes float in the cytoplasm until they are needed.
• Since lysosomes are little digestion machines, they go to work when the cell absorbs or eats some food.
• Once the material is inside the cell, the lysosomes attach and release their enzymes. The enzymes break down complex molecules that can include complex sugars and proteins.
Lysosomes
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Lysosome• Digestive 'plant' for proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates It digests food particles, wastes, cell parts and foreign invaders.
• Moves undigested material to cell membrane for removal
• Varies in shape depending on process being carried out
• Cell breaks down if lysosome explodes
• “garbage man”
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Vacuoles
• Membrane-bound sacs for storage, digestion, and waste removal
• Stores water and dissolved materials in the cell.
• Vacuoles are found in
plant and animal cells -
they are LARGER in plants!
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Plant cells
Certain structures are found only in plant cells.
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Cell Wall• Plant cells are easier to identify because they have
a protective structure called a cell wall made of cellulose. Plants have the wall; animals do not.
• The tough wall gives added stability and protection to the plant cell.
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Cell Wall
• Surrounds the plant cell; gives shape and provides support for the plant
• Controls turgidity (turgor pressure)
• Not found in animals, animals have bones that provide support
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Chloroplast• Chloroplasts are the food producers of
plant cells. This is where photosynthesis occurs.
• They are only found in plant cells and some protists. A protist is any organism that is not a plant, animal or fungus, like algae.
• Animal cells do not have
chloroplasts.
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Chloroplast
• Every green plant you see is
working to convert the energy
of the sun into sugars. This
process is called
photosynthesis.
• They create sugars, and the byproduct of that process is the oxygen that we breathe. That process happens in the chloroplast.
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Chloroplasts
• Found in plant cells
• Controls green chlorophyll to captures sunlight to make food for the cell. (photosynthesis)
• Animal cells do not have chloroplasts.
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Organelles: (1) nucleolus (2) nucleus (3) ribosome (4) vesicle (5) rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) (6) Golgi apparatus (7) Cytoskeleton (8) smooth ER (9) mitochondria (10) vacuole (11) cytoplasm (12) lysosome (13) centrioles
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Bibliography
http://www.cellsalive.com/cells/cell_model.htm
http://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell_main.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_nucleus
http://www.sparknotes.com/biology/cellstructure/celldifferences/section1.html
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Videos
Cell Organelles And Their Function (BOTH 3D AND MICROSCOPIC VIEWS )http://www.microscopy-uk.net/vidplanet/video/show/LP7xAr2FDFU/online
Cell Structure and Function - Advanced Biotechnology Podcast 1.2 http://youtu.be/o1GQyciJaTA
A Tour of the Cell