cell structure and function. 1. 1–100µm 2. why is there a limit to cell size? a....
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![Page 1: Cell Structure and Function. 1. 1–100µm 2. Why is there a limit to cell size? a. Surface-to-volume ratio b. Distance from surface to center Cell Size](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062803/56649f1b5503460f94c3175d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Cell Structure and Function
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1. 1–100µm
2. Why is there a limit to cell size?
a. Surface-to-volume ratio
b. Distance from surface to center
Cell Size
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adult human
tallest trees
chicken egg
frog embryo
most eukaryotic cells
mitochondrionmost bacteria
virus
proteins
atoms
diameter of DNAdouble helix
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Prokaryotic—no nucleus, circular DNA, ribosomes
Eukaryotic—larger, nucleus, linear chromosomes, membranous organelles
Cell types
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Prokaryotic Cells
Have no membrane-bound organelles
Include true bacteria On earth 3.8 million years Found nearly everywhere
Spores in each breath; intestines
Naturally in soil, air, hot springs
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ribosomes
cell wall
plasma membrane
food granule
prokaryoticflagellum
cytoplasm
nucleoid (DNA)
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Eukaryotic Cells
Have numerous internal structures
Various types & formsPlants, animals, fungi, protists
Multicellular organisms
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flagellum
cytoplasmrough endoplasmicreticulum
ribosome
microtubules
lysosome
mitochondrion
Golgi complex
plasmamembrane
intermediatefilaments
vesicle
smooth endoplasmicreticulum
free ribosomevesicle
nuclear porechromatin (DNA)
nucleolusnuclear envelope
nucleus
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chloroplast
central vacuole
rough endoplasmicreticulum
ribosomes
microtubules(part of cytoskeleton)
cell wall
mitochondrion
Golgi complex
plasmamembrane
intermediatefilaments
smooth endoplasmicreticulum
free ribosome
vesicle
nuclear porechromatin
nucleolus
nuclear envelope
nucleus
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Eukaryotic Cell Structure
Cytoplasm is the clear, gelatinous fluid inside of a cell
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Eukaryotic cell structure
Nucleus is control center of the cell
1. Membrane bound (nuclear envelope)
2. Contains nucleoli; synthesizes ribosomal RNA
3. DNA in chromosomes (DNA and proteins)
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nuclear pores
chromatin
nucleolus
nuclear envelope
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nuclear pores
nucleus
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chromosome
chromatin
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Eukaryotic cell structure
Organelles
Endoplasmic reticulum consists of folded membranes attached to the nucleus
Rough ER is site of protein synthesis and protein secretion
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0.5 micrometers
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
vesicles
ribosomes
rough endoplasmic reticulum
0.5 micrometers
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Eukaryotic Cell Structure
Organelles (cont.)
Ribosomes assemble amino acid into polypeptide chains
• a. Associated with the ER
• b. Composed of RNA and proteins
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0.5 micrometers
ribosomes
rough endoplasmic reticulum
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0.5 micrometerssmooth endoplasmic reticulum
vesicles
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Eukaryotic Cell StructureOrganelles (cont.)
Golgi apparatus are membranous sacs associated with ER
• a. Processing and transport of proteins, lipids
• b. Synthesis and transport of polysaccharides
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Golgi complex
vesiclesfrom ER
vesiclesleavingGolgi complex
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Eukaryotic Cell Structure
Vacuoles: membrane-bound compartments that are temporary storage of materials
Animal cells do not usually contain vacuoles, if they do they are very small
Plant cells usually use them for water storage
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Eukaryotic cell structure
Organelles (cont.)
Lysosomes are Golgi-derived vesicles containing digestive enzymes
Digest excess or worn out organelles, food particles, and engulfed viruses or bacteria
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Golgi complex
vesiclesfrom ER
vesiclesleavingGolgi complex
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Eukaryotic Cells: Organelles Energy sources for cell activities
Mitochondria provide energy for cellular functions (respiration)
• a. Membrane bound, numerous
• b. Matrix/cristae
• c. Have their own DNA and ribosomes; self-replicate
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5 micrometers
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Eukaryotic Cells: Organelles Energy sources for cell activities
• Chloroplasts—function in photosynthesis
1) Green—contain chlorophyll pigment
2) Stroma/grana (thylakoid stacks)
3) Have their own DNA and ribosomes; self-replicate
4) Up to 100 per cell
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Eukaryotic Cells: Organelles
CytoskeletonInternal infrastructure
Surface structures
extensions of the plasma membrane aid in movement of simple organisms
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tubulinsubunit
actinsubunits
subunit
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Cytoskeleton
Microtubules-thin hollow cylinders made of protein
Microfilaments- smaller, solid protein fibers
They work together to maintain the shape of the cell
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Centrioles
Organelles found in the cells of animals and most protists
Occur in pairs and are made up of microtubules
Play an important role in cell division
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Cilia and Flagella
Cilia are short, numerous projections that look like hairs
Flagella are longer projections that move with a whip-like motion
Both are used for locomotion or feeding
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Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes
Similarities & differences
Both surrounded by plasma membrane, but very different
Prokaryotes – Archaebacteria and Eubacteria
Eukaryotes – everything else
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Plant & Animal Cells
Similarities
Both constructed from eukaryotic cells
Both contain similar organelles
Both surrounded by cell membrane
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Plant & Animal Cells
Differences
Plants have• Cell wall – provides strength & rigidity• Have chloroplasts, photosynthetic
Animals have• Other organelle not found in plants
(lysosomes formed from Golgi)• Centrioles, important in cell division
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Brief Look at Viruses
Viruses are acellular
Not considered to be living
Cause serious diseases in most organisms
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