Cell Cell Structure Structure

and and FunctionFunction

Darren NighDarren NighChapter 2Chapter 2Lesson 1Lesson 1

CellsWhat are Cells?

Cells are the smallest unit of living things, and are the building blocks of life.

- All living organisms are made up of cells.- Some organisms are composed of many

cells, like humans, animals, trees, and flowers. These multi-celled organisms can be seen without the use of a microscope.

- Other organisms are only composed of one single cell, like bacteria or some algae, and they can only be seen with the use of a microscope.

Cells come in all shapes and sizes!

Cells are a part of everything alive

Actual Cell Size

Because cells are so small, describing them requires a very small unit of measure: the micrometer (um).

A micrometer is one millionth of a meter

Cells vary from one micrometer (bacteria) to 1000 micrometers (some plant and animal cells).

***Consider that it would take about

17,000 bacteria cells lined up

to reach across a dime

Relative Sizes of CellsRelative Sizes of Cells

100 m

10 m

1 m

10 cm

1 cm

1 mm

100 m

10 m

1 m

100 nm

10 nm

1 nm

0.1 nm

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Eukaryotic CellsEukaryotic Cells

MitochondrionMitochondrion

VirusVirus

ProteinsProteins

AtomsAtoms

The Discovery of the CellThe Discovery of the Cell

• Robert Hooke – first to see and identify cork “cells.”

Anatomy of the Cell

• Not all cells look like boxes. Only plant cells do.

- Human cells take on many different shapes. As well as bacterial, fungal and algal cells.

The Cell TheoryThe Cell TheoryCell Theory

1. All living things are composed of cells.

2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things.

3. New cells are produced from existing cells.

SchleidenSchwann

Virchow

Main ingredient in Cells - Water

• Makes up 70% of cell volume

• Water also surrounds the cells

• Helps to maintain homeostasis

• Structure of water makes it a good solvent

Onion cells in waterOnion cells in water

Onion cells in saltwaterOnion cells in saltwater

What are Macromolecules?

• Cells and their organelles are made up of smaller building blocks called macromolecules.

• There are 4 basic types They are:– Lipids– Proteins– Carbohydrates– Nucleic Acids

Monomers & Polymers• Macromolecules are actually made up of

even smaller subunits. Each subunit of a macromolecule is called a monomer.

• The macromolecules themselves are called polymers, because they are made up of many of these subunits.

Monomer: one basic unit or subunit

Polymer: a chain of many basic units

Lipids• Lipids are large macromolecules that don’t dissolve in

water. Make up the cell membrane, providing cell structure

Provide insulation (fat keeps body warm)

Long-term energy storage

Lipids: Structure

Properties of Lipids

• Lipids have a Polar head and nonpolar tail regions

• Hydrophilic – attract water

• Hydrophobic – repel water

Lipids: Food Sources

• As you might have guessed, fatty foods contain lipids.

• Lipids are found in

meat, fish, oils, avocados, eggs, & nuts.

Proteins

• Proteins are long chains of amino acid molecules.

• They play an essential role in the cellular maintenance, growth, and functioning of the human body.

Carbohydrates: Structure

• Carbohydrates are made up of…– Monomer (basic unit): simple sugar

(or monosaccharide)• Ex : glucose

– Polymer (chain of units): complex sugars (or polysaccharide)

• Ex: starch, cellulose, chitin, glycogen

Carbohydrates: Function• Provide body with energy!

– What should you eat before playing the big game? Candy bar or pasta?

• Candy bar: contains simple sugars, provides a short burst of energy

• Pasta: contains starch which takes longer to break down, provides longer-lasting energy

– *We can’t digest cellulose- it is used as fiber, or roughage instead.

• Ex. : corn, lettuce

Complex carb (ex. Starch)

Simple sugars (ex. Glucose)

Broken down to disaccharides

Broken down further

Carbohydrates: Food Sources• Simple carbs (simple

sugars) are found in most candy and sweet drinks, fruit, vegetables, and milk. They are quickly digested and give a short burst of energy.

• Complex carbs (like starches) are found in pasta, bread, potatoes, legumes & corn. They take longer to digest, and provide energy longer.

Nucleic Acids: Function

• Stores and carries genetic information

Nucleic Acids: Food Sources• We get nucleic acid components from

vitamins and minerals in our diet. These in turn, come from fruits, vegetables, grains, meats, & almost anything else you can think of with some nutritional value (no junk food!).

Nucleic Acids: Structure• Nucleic Acids are made up of…

– Monomers (basic unit): nucleotides

– Polymers (chain of units): DNA or RNA

Organization in Organization in Multicellular OrganismsMulticellular Organisms

Tissues

Organs

Organ System

Organism

Cells

End of Chapter 2 Lesson1

Micro-journeyto the

plant cell and

beyond

The

End

Fingerprint Lab Instructions

1. Rub pencil on scratch paper until there is a dark smudge of graphite.

2. Beginning with little finger, rub it on smudge until fingertip is covered with graphite.

3. Place a small piece of clear tape over fingertip. Press the tape down gently.

4. Slowly remove tape and place in the appropriate square on Fingerprint Data Chart.

5. Repeat the process for all fingers. View the pattern using hand lenses.

6. We will collect class data. Split the data in the class data table (thumb) between boys and girls.

7. Use data to construct a bar graph and answer questions on worksheet--To be turned in for grade

The plain whorl.The plain whorl. The loopThe loop.. The plain The plain archarch..

Common Fingerprint TypesCommon Fingerprint Types