cell time 9/17 outline quick history quick microscopy organelle overview –focus on protein...
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9/17 Outline Quick History Quick Microscopy Organelle Overview –focus on protein production today HW: Read and outline Chapter 4 HW: Bozeman Videos 13, 15, 16, 17 Quiz: Organelle TuesdayTRANSCRIPT
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Cell Time
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9/17 Outline
• Quick History• Quick Microscopy• Organelle Overview –focus on protein
production today
HW: Read and outline Chapter 4HW: Bozeman Videos 13, 15, 16, 17Quiz: Organelle Tuesday
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• 1665 Robert Hooke Sees cork cells • 1674 Anton Von Leeuwenhoek sees living cells
with much better microscopes
Not Robert Hooke
Anton Von Leeuwenhoek
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Magnification vs. Resolution
• Magnification – ratio of image size to actual size
• Resolution – measure of clarity
• We stain cells for contrast!
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Light vs Electron Microscope
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Figure 4.3
Scanning electronmicroscopy (SEM)
Transmission electronmicroscopy (TEM)
Longitudinal sectionof cilium
Cross sectionof cilium
Cilia
2 m
2 m
50
m
10
m50
m
Brightfield(unstained specimen)
Electron Microscopy (EM)
Fluorescence
Brightfield(stained specimen)
Differential-interferencecontrast (Nomarski)
Phase-contrast
Confocal
Light Microscopy (LM)
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Organelle time
• What do ALL cells have?
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Organelle time
• What do ALL cells have?– Plasma membrane– Semifluid substance called cytosol– Chromosomes (carry genes)– Ribosomes (make proteins)
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Lets focus on eukaryotes for now
• Why should they use organelles?
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Why organelles?• Specialized structures
– specialized functions• cilia or flagella for locomotion
• Containers– partition cell into compartments– create different local environments
• separate pH, or concentration of materials– distinct & incompatible functions
• lysosome & its digestive enzymes• Membranes as sites for chemical reactions
– unique combinations of lipids & proteins – embedded enzymes & reaction centers
• chloroplasts & mitochondria
mitochondria
chloroplast
Golgi
ER
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When we eat spiders, chicken, fish, or beans what are they high in?
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Proteins
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Some Functions
• Metabolism (Enzymes)• Support (Keratin, collagen)• Transport (Channels, hemoglobin)
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Some Functions
• Defense (Antibodies)• Regulation (Hormones – Insulin)• Motion (Myosin and Actin)• Recognition
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Building proteins
– read DNA instructions– build proteins– process proteins
• folding• modifying
– removing amino acids– adding other molecules
» e.g, making glycoproteinsfor cell membrane
– address & transport proteins
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Building Proteins• Organelles involved
– nucleus– ribosomes– endoplasmic reticulum
(ER)– Golgi apparatus– vesicles
nucleus ribosome ER Golgiapparatus vesicles
The Protein Assembly Line
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nuclearpores
nuclearpore
nuclear envelopenucleolus
histone protein
chromosome
DNA
• Function– protects DNA
• Structure– nuclear envelope
• double membrane• membrane fused in spots to create pores
– allows large macromolecules to pass through
Nucleus
What kind of molecules need to pass through?
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DNA
NucleusmRNA
nuclearmembrane
smallribosomalsubunit
largeribosomalsubunit
cytoplasm
mRNA
nuclear pore
production of mRNA from DNA in nucleus
mRNA travels from nucleus to ribosome in cytoplasm through nuclear pore
1
2
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Nucleolus• Function
– ribosome production• build ribosome subunits from rRNA & proteins• exit through nuclear pores to cytoplasm &
combine to form functional ribosomes
smallsubunit
large subunit
ribosome
rRNA &proteins
nucleolus
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smallsubunit
largesubunitRibosomes
• Function– protein production
• Structure– rRNA & protein– 2 subunits combine 0.08m
RibosomesRoughER
SmoothER
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membrane proteins
Types of Ribosomes• Free ribosomes
– suspended in cytosol– synthesize proteins that function in
cytosol• Bound ribosomes
– attached to endoplasmic reticulum– synthesize proteins
for export or for membranes
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Endoplasmic Reticulum• Function
– processes proteins– manufactures membranes– synthesis & hydrolysis of many compounds
• Structure– membrane connected to nuclear envelope & extends
throughout cell
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Types of ER
rough smooth
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Smooth ER function• Membrane production• Many metabolic processes
– synthesis• synthesize lipids
– oils, phospholipids, steroids & sex hormones
– hydrolysis• hydrolyze glycogen into glucose
– in liver• detoxify drugs & poisons
– in liver– ex. alcohol & barbiturates
– Ion Storage
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Membrane Factory• Build new membrane
– synthesize phospholipids
• builds membranes – ER membrane expands
• bud off & transfer to other parts of cell that need membranes
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Rough ER function• Produce proteins for export out of cell
– protein secreting cells– packaged into transport vesicles for export
Which cellshave lot of rough ER?
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Synthesizing proteins
cytoplasm
cisternalspace
mRNA
ribosome
membrane ofendoplasmic reticulum
polypeptide
signalsequence
ribosome
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Golgi Apparatus
Which cellshave lots of Golgi?
transport vesicles
secretoryvesicles
• Function– finishes, sorts, tags & ships cell products
• like “UPS shipping department”– ships products in vesicles
• membrane sacs• “UPS trucks”
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Golgi Apparatus
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Vesicle transport
vesiclebuddingfrom roughER
fusionof vesiclewith Golgiapparatus
migratingtransportvesicle
protein
ribosome
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DNA
RNA
ribosomes
endoplasmicreticulum
vesicle
Golgi apparatus
vesicle
proteinon its way!
protein finishedprotein
Making Proteins
TO:
TO:
TO:
TO:
nucleus
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proteins
transportvesicle Golgi
apparatus
vesicle
smooth ER
rough ER
nuclear porenucleus
ribosome
cellmembrane protein secreted
cytoplasm
Making proteinsPutting it together…
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