cells and tissues (igcse ch 1)
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By Drs. Agus Jaya
SMA NEGERI 13 JAKARTA
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Fig.1.1 is a thin slice taken from the tip of a plant shoot and photographed through a microscope (photomicrographs)
Box-like structures are called CELLS
Thin slices of this kind are called SECTIONS
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LONGITUDINAL SECTION, if you cut along the length of the structure
TRANSVERSE SECTION, if you cut across the structure
Figure 1.2
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Easy to cut through plant structures just by using a razor blade
To cut sections of animal structures is more difficult because they are mostly soft and flexible (ex: pieces of skin, muscle or liver)
First have to be soaked in melted wax When the wax goes solid it is then
possible to cut thin section Animal structures are much smaller then
plant cells and need to be magnified more
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The sections are often treated with dyes, called STAINS, in order to show up the structures inside the cells more clearly
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All cells have a cell membrane, which is a thin boundary enclosing the cytoplasm
Most cells have a nucleus
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Cytoplasm looks like a thick liquid with particles in it
These structures are the organelles
Ribosomes, which built up the cell’s proteins
Mitochondria, which generate energy for the cell’s living processes
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Plant cells differ from animal cells in several ways:
Outside the cell membrane they all have a cell wall which contains cellulose and other compounds
Vacuole plastids
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When plants and animals grow, their cells increase in number by dividing
Exp: region of ends of bones, layers of cells in the skin, root tips and buds
Each cell divides to produce two daughter cells
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Both daughter cells may divide again, but usually one of the cells grows and changes its shape and structure and become adapted to do one particular job
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When cells have finished dividing and growing, become specialized
Referred to as ‘division of labour’
They do one particular job
They develop a distinct shape
Special kinds of chemical change take place in their cytoplasm
The changes of shape and chemical reactions enable the cells to carry out its special function
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Conduct electrical impulses to and from the brain
Some of them are very long and connect distant parts of the body to the spinal cord and brain
Their chemical reactions cause the impulses to travel along the fibre
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Absorb water and mineral salt from the soil
The hair-like projection penetrates between the soil particles and offers a large absorbing surface
The cell membrane is able to control which dissolved substances enter the cell
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Bone, nerve or muscle, epidermis, phloem is made up of many hundreds of cells of a few types
The cells of each type have similar structures and functions
The tissue have a particular function
Organ consist of several tissues grouped together to make a structure with a special function
The stomach is an organ which contains tissues made from epithelial cells, gland cells and muscle cells, blood vessels and nerves
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A system usually refers to a group of organ whose functions are closely related
An organism is formed by the organs and system working together to produce an independent plant or animal
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1. 12. 23. 34. 45. 5
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READY TO TEST