cells and tissues what is it that makes you you?
TRANSCRIPT
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Cells and Tissues
What is it that makes you you?
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What is the biggest organelle?• The nucleus
– The control center for the cell
– Contains DNA
• Contains the message that makes proteins
• Proteins run the cell.
– Contains the organelle= nucleolus
• Nucleolus makes RNA that carries out DNA’s instructions.
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What surrounds the nucleus?
• The Phospholipid membrane
• Two membranes.
• Keeps DNA in
• Only RNA can leave
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What are the names of DNA?
• Chromatin: Unwound DNA
• Chromosomes: Tightly wound DNA
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What surrounds the cell?
• The Plasma Membrane. Made out of Phospholipids.
• May have cilia or microvilli around the cell.
• Microvilli are in the back of your throat (filter air) and in your intestine (absorb food). Pg.389 +419
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What is in the cell?
• Most of the cell is full of Cytoplasm.– Cytoplasm: Gel like fluid where most of the
cells chemical reactions take place.
• Organelles: Mini cell organs that carry out specific job functions for the cell.
Cells Alive
Overview of Cell Parts
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What are the major organelles?• Ribosomes: rRNA. Where proteins are
made. Usually on the rough ER.
• Endoplasmic Reticulum: – rough ER close to the nucleus, where proteins
are made– Smooth ER makes lipids. No rRNA present.
• Golgi Apparatus: Ships proteins and lipids.
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More organelles…• Lysosomes: SOS. Contain digestive
enzymes. Kill invaders and worn out cell parts.
• Mitochondria: Power house of the cell. Makes ATP (Body runs on ATP energy.)
• Cytoskeleton: Skeleton of the cell. Shape
• Centrioles: Move Chromosomes during cell division.
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Membrane Transport
Pg. 46
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What kinds of fluids pass through the cell membrane?
• Solution: homogeneous mixture of two or more things– Solvent: Bigger word, bigger thing– Solute: Smaller word, smaller thing
• Intracellular fluid: fluid in the cell that contains gasses, nutrients, salts, & water
• Interstitial fluid: bathes the outside of our cells.
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Why is the plasma membrane selectively permeable?
• Works as a barrier. Only allows certain things in or out of the cell.
• Means of protection.
• Cells that can not do this are dead or damaged.
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What are the two forms of cell transport?
• Active Transport: uses energy (ATP) to move molecules against the concentration gradient or to move large things.
• Passive Transport: uses NO energy to move molecules with the concentration gradient.
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What types of Passive transport does the body use?
• Diffusion: When molecules move from high to low or with the concentration gradient.– Perfume, food coloring, etc. all do this.
• Osmosis: a specialized form of diffusion which moves water from high to low across the plasma membrane.
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What types of Passive transport does the body use?
• Facilitated Diffusion: Uses carrier proteins to move substances without energy with the concentration gradient.
• Filtration: water and solutes are forced through a plasma membrane. Happens in the Kidneys.
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What types of Active transport do you use?
• Solute Pumping: Require protein carriers and energy to move sugars, Amino Acids, and ions against the concentration gradient. (Sodium Potassium pump used in Nerve cells)
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More Active Transport…
• Bulk Transport: Substances too big to pass through the plasma membrane. – Exocytosis: Large things exit the cells– Endocytosis: Large things enter the cell– Phagocytosis: Cells that eat- white blood cell– Pinocytosis: Cells drink- intestine and kidneys
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Types of Solutions: Pg 60
• Isotonic Solution: Same tonicity inside and outside the cell. Cell stays the same size.
• Hypertonic Solution: Higher tonicity outside the cell. Cell shrinks.
• Hypotonic Solution: Lower tonicity outside the cell. Cell swells and “POPS”
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Chromosomes and Mitosis
Pg. 63
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Two different Cell Divisions
• Meiosis- produces gametes or sex cells. New cells are different from the original cell.
• Mitosis- produces new body cells-like your toes. New cells are identical to original cell.
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• Chromosomes: Tightly wound DNA. Resemble an X because two chromatids are held together.- Supercoiled.
• Centromere holds the chromosomes (Two sister Chromatids) together.
• Chromatid: A single tightly wound strand of DNA.
DNA in all of its fine forms:
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Homologous Chromosomes
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And last but not least…• DNA is your genetic information. In the
shape of a double helix. The nucleotide pairs are: (Hydrogen bonds)– Adenine= Thymine– Cytosine: Guanine
• DNA is broken into segments called genes which code for proteins.
• Genes give you your physical characteristics.
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It DNA the final say?
• Epigenetics may play a role.
Epigenetic EffectOn DNA
EpigeneticMovie
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Before Eukaryotic Cells Divide…
• Its chromosomes are replicated.• Happens through the process of DNA
Replication. DNA Replication pg.68• DNA needs enzymes (protein) to copy or
replicate itself.• Double helix unwinds using DNA Helicase. • DNA Helicase breaks the hydrogen bonds.• Where the DNA breaks apart is called the
replication fork. DNA polymerase (another enzyme) adds nucleotides at this point.
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How many Chromosomes do humans have?
• Each somatic cell or body cell has two copies of 23 chromosomes.
• One copy of the chromosomes (sex cells or gametes) have 23 chromosomes and are called haploid or n = 23.
• Two copies of the chromosomes (somatic cells) have 2n = 46.
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There are two types of Chromosomes.
• Autosomal Chromosomes: or autosomes are not sex chromosomes.
• Sex Chromosomes: determine the sex of the individual. The male of the species determines the sex of the offspring. Women only have one X chromosome. Males have an X or a Y.
• XX is a girl• XY is a boy
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Karyotypes: Pictures of your DNA.
• Why do we take pictures? To find mistakes
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.
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The 5 stages of the Cell Cycle 6-2
• G1: Cell Growth and Metabolism
• S: DNA is copied
• G2: Cell prepares for division.
• Mitosis: Nucleus divides, cell parts separate.
• Cytokinesis: Cytoplasm divides
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When control of the Cell cycle is lost: Cancer is the outcome.
• Cancer: uncontrolled cell division or death.
• Read pg 127: Normal cells become cancerous.
Hit the Cancer BiologyDocumentary Link
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Mitosis The Basic Steps:6:3 • Prophase: DNA forms chromosomes.
Nuclear envelope disappears. In Animals spindle fibers form.
• Metaphase: Chromosomes move to the center of the cell- pulled by spindle fibers.
• Anaphase: Chromosomes are separated into chromatids. Spindles shorten pulling chromatids to opposite ends of the cell.
• Telophase: Nucleus reforms. Chromatids turn back into Chromatin. Spindles disappear. The Jazzy
Version ofMitosis
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After Mitosis
• Cytokinesis: Cytoplasm divides in half.
• Animals: The plasma membrane pinches in half= Furrow.
• Plants: A cell wall grows between the two new cells. Cell Plate.
Cell Cycle Movie/Game
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Meiosis
.
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Meiosis: The making of gametes
• One cell eventually creates four cells
• Each cell is different from the parent cell
• Haploid
• Meiosis goes through cell division twice
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The Stages of Meiosis
• Prophase 1: Chromosomes are made and the nucleus membrane disappears.
• Homologous Chromosomes pair and attach by centromeres.
• Crossing-over occurs. Cross over is the process of homologous chromosomes breaking off and exchanging parts. – This process is responsible for making you
unique!
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Meiosis Continued
• Metaphase 1 Homologous chromosomes are pulled by spindle fibers to the middle of the cell. (Two pair of homologous chromosomes are together.)
• Anaphase 1• Pair of Homologous
chromosomes separate. Spindle fibers attach to a centromere to guide homologous chromosomes to opposite ends of the cell.
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Meiosis Continued
• Telophase 1
• Homologous chromosomes are at opposite ends of the cell. Cytokinesis occurs.
• Two cells have been made. We need 4.
• Here ends the first cell division.
• Ready for part two?
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Meiosis- Part 2
• Prophase II
• New spindle fibers form around homologous chromosomes. Nucleus disappears.
• Metaphase II
• Chromosomes line up in the middle (or equator) of the cell.
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And finally…Meiosis ends
• Anaphase II
• The spindle fibers pull the homologous chromosomes apart. Chromatids move to opposite ends of the cell.
• Telophase II• A new nucleus is
formed. Spindle fibers dissolve.
• Cytokinesis occurs.• Four cells, genetically
different from the parent cell have been made.
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Why does Meiosis create genetic variation?
• Crossing over. Mixes up the traits on each chromosome.
• Independent assortment. You have 46 chromatids. ½ go to each new cell in Meiosis 1 and again in Meiosis II. No one knows which chromatids will go to which cell.
• Random Fertilization. Which egg and which sperm will meet? = a greater genetic variability.
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Making Gametes: Different for different sexes.
• Sperm Formation• Spermatogenesis• One diploid germ cell
makes four haploid sperm cells.
• Occurs in the testis throughout the males adult life
• Egg formation: Ovum• Oogenesis
• One diploid germ cell makes one egg and three polar bodies.
• Egg must provide the food for the zygote (fertilized egg)
• Made in ovaries, most before birthThird Link
Comparison ofOOGENESIS
&SPERMATOGENISIS
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Sexual Reproduction: Two parents.
• Offspring is genetically different from parents.
• Great for environmental change. Easy to evolve.
• Meiosis can better repair damaged DNA
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How Proteins are Made
Pgs. 60-61
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The Basic Process of Making Protein
• DNA (In the Nucleus) is Transcribed into mRNA. (Transcription)
• RNA brings the message to the Rough ER where its Translated into a protein. (Translation)
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The Details: RNA(Ribonucleic Acid)
• There are three types of RNA
• mRNA (messenger RNA)
• rRNA (Ribosomal RNA)
• tRNA (Transfer RNA)
• RNA is Single Stranded, sugar is RIBOSE
• The Nitrogen bases for RNA are…– Adenine bonds to Uracil– Cytosine bonds to Guanine
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The Story
• DNA is stuck in the nucleus.
• RNA is made in the nucleolus.
• mRNA transcribes or re-writes DNA’s code in RNA and leaves the nucleus through nuclear pores.
• mRNA brings the message to the ribosome also known as rRNA.
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The fairy tale continues Fig 10-5
• Once mRNA is hooked onto the rRNA it needs the right amino acids to make a protein.– Remember 50 or more A.Acids make a Protein!
• tRNA carries amino acids to the rRNA and hooks them onto the correct mRNA codon.– A codon is a three nucleotide sequence (AUG)
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How does the story end?
• When the stop codon is reached the Amino Acid chain falls off and rolls into a ball and becomes a protein.
• mRNA goes back to the nucleus to be reused.
• rRNA stays on the Endoplasmic Reticulum waiting for the next job.
• tRNA picks up new Amino Acids for the next job. Overview Movie
Start Here
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