cells as the basis of life
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Senior Biology - Cells as the basis of life - For additional resources visit: http://www.iheartscience.netTRANSCRIPT
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biocanvas.net
Cells as the basis of lifeSarah Jones
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All LIVING things are made of CELLS.
Fibroblasts are cells that help maintain tissue structure by secreting proteins like collagen and elastin - biocanvas.net
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The Discovery of Cells
In the seventeenth century, Robert Hooke looked
at thin slices of cork under a microscope that he
had made from lenses. He observed small box-like
shapes inside the cork. He called the little boxes
that he saw cells.
marshscience7.blogspot.com
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http://discovermagazine.com/2015/june/21-leeuwenhoeks-lucky-break
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Electron Microscopy Images Of Coffee
coffeeguru4iphone.wordpress.com
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boneresearchsociety.org
SEM Image of Trabecular bone
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Unicellular organisms – single-celled
organisms.
Multicellular organisms – have specialised
cells that carry out specific functions.
Unicellular Algae – biocanvas.net
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Carry out all of the functions of life
M ovement
R espiration
S ensitivity
G rowth
R eproduction
E xcretion
N utrition
Unicellular Organisms
Diatom – biocanvas.net
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Under the five kingdom system cells can be
divided into two basic types.
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Prokaryotic cells - simple cells without distinct
membrane bound organelles or nucleus.
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Eukaryotic cells - more complex with
membrane bound organelles and nucleus.
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Animal Cell
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• Exist as part of a multicellular organism.
• Specialisation of cells into many types (cell
differentiation).
• Possess nucleus and membrane bound
organelles.
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Plant Cell
en.wikipedia.org
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• Exist as part of a multicellular organism.
• Specialisation of cells into many types (cell
differentiation).
• Possess nucleus and membrane bound
organelles.
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Plant vs Animal
Plant and animal cells have many similarities
because they are both eukaryotic.
They also have some differences:
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Plasma Membrane
• The surface of exchange for materials
between the inside and outside of the cell.
• IN – oxygen, nutrients and water
• OUT – carbon dioxide, waste and products
such as proteins
http://www.histology.leeds.ac.uk/cell/plasma_membrane.php
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Plasma Membrane Function
1. Hold cell together
2. Control what goes in and out – diffusion,
osmosis, active transport
3. Protect the cell
4. Allow the cell to recognise and be
recognised – cell signaling and immunity
5. Bind to other cells and molecules
6. A sit for biochemical reactions – enzymes,
areas for reactions
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en.wikipedia.org
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Diffusion
• Larger cells require more resources to be
imported and more products to be exported.
• As cells get larger the SURFACE AREA to
VOLUME RATIO gets smaller.
• Increasing cell size – less efficient
exchange process.
www.bbc.co.uk
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Brownian Motion – the random movement of
particles in a liquid or gas. Due to Brownian
motion particles will diffuse evenly through the
system over time.
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Diffusion is the passive net movement of
molecules from regions of high concentration
to low concentration.
ekgenius.net/
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Facilitated diffusion is the passive net
movement of particles from regions of high
concentration to low concentration, through
selectively permeable membrane (plasma
membrane), facilitated by carrier proteins.
ccaoscience.wordpress.com
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en.wikipedia.org
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Osmosis
Osmosis is the passive net movement of
water molecules from regions of low solute
concentration to high solute concentration,
through partially/selectively permeable
membrane.
bronxguildlivingenvironment.blogspot.com
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Osmosis is also movement down a concentration
gradient –we are considering the movement of
water molecules, not the solute molecules.
ekgenius.net/
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Active Transport
Active transport uses energy (ATP) to move
molecules against a concentration gradient,
using membrane protein pumps.
www.premedhq.com
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en.wikipedia.org
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Endocytosis
en.wikipedia.org
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Exocytosis
commons.wikimedia.org
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Parts of a Generalised Animal Cell
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_nucleus
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• Contains the chromosomes (genetic
information) for the cell.
• Controls the activities of the cell.
Nucleus
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• Double membrane - outer membrane and
inner membrane.
• Inner membrane is folded forming cristae.
• The interior contains an organic matrix
containing chemical compounds.
• Site of aerobic respiration.
Mitochondria
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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
• A membrane system of flattened parallel
cavities which are interconnected and covered
with ribosomes.
• An intracellular transport system.
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Golgi Apparatus• Consists of a stack of flattened cavities which
package substances produced by the cell into
vesicles.
• These vesicles can fuse with the cell
membrane (exocytosis) or become
lysosomes (digestive vesicles).
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Plant Cell Walls• The main component of plant cell walls is
cellulose.
• Cellulose molecules are arranged in bundles
called microfibrils.
• The function of the plant cell wall is to provide
strength and support the plant.
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Photosynthesis
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Chloroplast
biology-themiracleoflife.blogspot.com
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mrkubuske.wordpress.com
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Cellular Respiration Plants
www.tvdsb.ca
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Cellular Respiration Humans
http://mrkubuske.files.wordpress.com
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Comparing Cellular Respiration and
Photosynthesis
www.accessexcellence.org
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www.bbc.co.uk
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Prokaryotic organisms are commonly called
bacteria.
They are cells with a simple structure.
They have no membrane around the nucleus
and lack any membrane bound organelles.
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Blue-green bacteria make their own food by
photosynthesis.
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en.wikipedia.org
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Prokaryotic Cell Parts
• Cell Wall – protective protein-based coating.
• Plasma Membrane – selectively permeable.
• Pili – attach to other bacteria for DNA transfer.
• Cytoplasm – contains enzymes for metabolic
reactions.
• Nucleoid – closed-loop of bacterial DNA.
• Ribosomes – protein synthesis – transcription
and translation.
• Flagella – causes movement.
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en.wikipedia.org
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Prokaryotic Reproduction – Binary Fission
http://evolution-textbook.org/content/free
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Cell Division
• For an organism to grow larger it needs to
produce more cells – and each new cell
needs a copy of the organism’s DNA.
• Tissue Repair
• Asexual Reproduction
commons.wikimedia.org
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Mitosis
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commons.wikimedia.org
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