cells bio2
DESCRIPTION
cell contents.TRANSCRIPT
Cell Structure & Function
Cell TheoryAll living things are made up of cells. Cells are the smallest working units of all
living things. All cells come from preexisting( قبلي (وجود
cells through cell division.
Definition of Cell
A cell is the smallest unit that is capable of performing life functions.
Examples of CellsAmoeba Proteus
Plant Stem
Red Blood Cell
Nerve Cell
Bacteria
Two Types of Cells•Prokaryotic•Eukaryotic
ProkaryoticDo not have
structures surrounded by membranes
Few internal structures
One-celled organisms, Bacteria
EukaryoticContain organelles surrounded by
membranesMost living organismsPlant Animal
“Typical” Animal Cell
A animal cell
Rough ER Smooth ER
Centrosome
CYTOSKELETON
Microfilaments
Microtubules
Microvilli
Peroxisome
Lysosome
Golgi apparatus
Ribosomes
In animal cells but not plant cells:LysosomesCentriolesFlagella (in some plant sperm)
Nucleolus
Chromatin
NUCLEUS
Flagelium
Intermediate filaments
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER)
Mitochondrion
Nuclear envelope
Plasma membrane
A plant cell
In plant cells but not animal cells:ChloroplastsCentral vacuole and tonoplastCell wallPlasmodesmata
CYTOSKELETON
Ribosomes (small brwon dots)
Central vacuole
Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules
Rough endoplasmic reticulum Smooth
endoplasmic reticulum
ChromatinNUCLEUS
Nuclear envelope
Nucleolus
Chloroplast
PlasmodesmataWall of adjacent cell
Cell wall
Golgi apparatus
Peroxisome
Tonoplast
Centrosome
Plasma membrane
Mitochondrion
Cell PartsOrganelles
Surrounding the Cell
Cell MembraneOuter membrane of
cell that controls movement in and out of the cell
Double layer
Inside the Cell
Nucleus Directs cell activitiesSeparated from cytoplasm by nuclear
membraneContains genetic material - DNA
Nuclear MembraneSurrounds nucleusMade of two layersOpenings allow
material to enter and leave nucleus
The nuclear envelope Encloses the nucleus, separating its contents
from the cytoplasm Nucleus
NucleusNucleolus
Chromatin
Nuclear envelope:Inner membrane
Outer membrane
Nuclear pore
Rough ER
Porecomplex
Surface of nuclear envelope.
Pore complexes (TEM). Nuclear lamina (TEM).
Close-up of nuclearenvelope
Ribosome
1 µm
1 µm
0.25 µm
ChromosomesIn nucleusMade of DNAContain
instructions for traits & characteristics
NucleolusInside nucleusContains RNA to
build proteins
CytoplasmGel-like mixtureSurrounded by cell membraneContains hereditary material
Endoplasmic ReticulumMoves materials
around in cellSmooth type: lacks
ribosomesRough type (pictured):
ribosomes embedded( جزءا (يجعلهin surface
The ER membraneIs continuous with the nuclear envelope
Smooth ER
Rough ER
ER lumenCisternae
RibosomesTransport vesicleSmooth ER
Transitional ER
Rough ER 200 µm
Nuclearenvelope
RibosomesEach cell contains
thousandsMake proteinsFound on
ribosomes & floating throughout the cell
MitochondriaProduces energy
through chemical reactions – breaking down fats & carbohydrates
Controls level of water and other materials in cell
Recycles and decomposes(يحلل) proteins, fats, and carbohydrates
Mitochondria are enclosed by two membranesA smooth outer membraneAn inner membrane folded into cristae
Mitochondrion
Intermembrane space
Outermembrane
Freeribosomesin the mitochondrialmatrix
MitochondrialDNA
Innermembrane
Cristae
Matrix
100 µm
Golgi BodiesProtein 'packaging
plant'Move materials
within the cellMove materials
out of the cell
Golgiapparatus
TEM of Golgi apparatus
cis face(“receiving” side ofGolgi apparatus)
Vesicles movefrom ER to Golgi Vesicles also
transport certainproteins back to ER
Vesicles coalesce toform new cis Golgi cisternae
Cisternalmaturation:Golgi cisternaemove in a cis-to-transdirection
Vesicles form andleave Golgi, carryingspecific proteins toother locations or tothe plasma mem-brane for secretion
Vesicles transport specificproteins backward to newerGolgi cisternae
Cisternae
trans face(“shipping” side ofGolgi apparatus)
0.1 0 µm16
5
2
3
4
Functions of the Golgi apparatus
LysosomeDigestive 'plant' for
proteins, fats, and carbohydrates
Transports undigested material to cell membrane for removal
Cell breaks down if lysosome explodes
Lysosomes carry out intracellular digestion by
Phagocytosis(بلعم) (قووتدان)
(a) Phagocytosis: lysosome digesting food
1 µm
Lysosome containsactive hydrolyticenzymes
Food vacuole fuses with lysosome
Hydrolyticenzymes digestfood particles
Digestion
Food vacuole
Plasma membraneLysosome
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Nucleus
ChloroplastUsually found in
plant cellsContains green
chlorophyllWhere
photosynthesis takes place
The cytoskeletonIs a network of fibers extending throughout the
cytoplasmMicrotubule
0.25 µm Microfilaments
Contains a pair of centrioles
Centrosome
Microtubule
Centrioles
0.25 µm
Longitudinal sectionof one centriole
Microtubules Cross sectionof the other centriole
In Summary
There are two major types of cellsProkaryotic
Found in Domains Bacteria and Archaea Kingdoms Eubacteria and Archaebacteria
EukaryoticFound in Domain Eukarya
Kingdoms Plantae Animalia
Major CharacteristicsProkaryotes
SmallSimple cellsHave cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes,
DNA in form of “nucleoid”Sometimes have cell wall, capsule, other
projections from wall (bacterial cilia, pili)DO NOT HAVE internal organelles or nucleus
Major CharacteristicsEukaryotes
LargerComplex cellsHave cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes,
DNA in form of “chromosomes”Sometimes have cell wall (plants and fungi)
and structures for movement (cilia and flagella)HAVE internal organelles and nucleus