cells finale project

8/6/2019 Cells Finale Project

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CellsCells


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Section 1: Introduction to the CellSection 1: Introduction to the Cell


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Discovery of Cells

Discovery of Cells


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Discovery of Cells

Discovery of Cells

Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1675)


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MicroscopesMicroscopes Magnification

microscopes power to increase an

objects apparent size

Resolution

microscopes power to show detailclearly

2000X

200X


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LightM

icroscopeLightM

icroscope


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LightM

icroscopeLightM

icroscope

Elodea - Aquatic Plant

40X 400X


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Transmission Electron

Microscope (

TEM

)T

ransmission ElectronM

icroscope (T

EM

)


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Scanning ElectronM

icroscope (SEM

)Scanning ElectronM

icroscope (SEM

)


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TEM

vs. SEMT

EM

vs. SEM

Virusesleaving a

cell


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The Cell

Theory

The Cell

Theory

Who developed the cell theory?

Matthias Schleiden (1838)

concluded that all plants are

composed of cells

Theodor Schwann (1839)

concluded that all animals arecomposed of cells

Rudolph Virchow (1855)

determined that cells come only

from other cells


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The Cell

Theory

The Cell

Theory

So what is the cell theory?

1. All living things are composed of one

or more cells.

2. Cells are organisms basic units of

structure and function.

3. Cells come only from existing cells.


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Functions of LifeF

unctions of Life


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Functions of LifeF

unctions of Life


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CellD

iversityCellD

iversity Size

Shape

Internal Organization


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Cell DiversityCell Diversity--SizeSize


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Cells diversityCells diversity


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Cell DiversityCell Diversity-- SizeSize

6 inches long, 5 inches wide, 3 pounds

Smallest Cells:

Longest Cells:

Ostrich Egg

Biggest Cells:


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Cells and SizesCells and Sizes Magnification =

size of image

divided by thesize of the

specimen


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CellD

iversityCellD

iversity-- ShapeShape Cells differ widely in shape.

Most cells are roughly

cuboidal or spherical.


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CellsCells

DifferentiateDifferentiate


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So what do we already KNOW?So what do we already KNOW? Cell Theory

Functions of Life

Cell Diversity


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Limiting Cell SizeLimiting Cell Size

SA = 6 mm2

SA = 24 mm2

SA = 96 mm2

V = 1 mm3

V = 8 mm3

V = 64 mm3

SA/V = 6:1

SA/V = 3:1

SA/V = 1.5:1

V increases faster than SA


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Stem CellStem Cell


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Where do you stand in the debateabout the nature of stem cell

research? How do you feel about the

source of pluripotent stem cells


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2.2

Prokaryotic Cells2

.2

Prokaryotic Cells


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2.2.1

2.2.2

Prokaryotic Cell


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Prokaryotic CellProkaryotic Cell


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Prokaryotic Cells divide by binaryProkaryotic Cells divide by binary

fissionfission2.2.4


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2.3 Eukaryotic Cells2

.3 Eukaryotic Cells


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The Parts of the Cell

The Parts of the Cell

Each living cell carries out the tasks of taking

food, transforming food into energy, getting rid of

wastes, and reproducing. Most eukaryotic cells have three main

components:

Cell Membrane

Cytoskeleton

Nucleus


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Animal CellAnimal Cell

2.3.1

2.3.2

Now let

Annotate this

picture with allthe functions of

each structure

named


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Plant CellPlant Cell

Now let

Annotate this

picture with all

the functions ofeach structure

named


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LiverLiver

CellCell

2.3.3


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Structure andF

unction of OrganellesStructure andF

unction of Organelles The Structure and Function of the following

organelles will be discussed:

Cell Membrane Nucleus

Cell Wall

Cytoplasm

Cytoskeleton

Ribosomes

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Golgi Apparatus

Mitochondria Lysosomes

Peroxisomes

Cilia and Flagella

Basal Bodies

Centrioles

Vacuoles

Plastids


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CellM

embraneCellM

embrane Structure: phospholipid

bilayer with proteins thatfunction as channels,markers, and receptors-also contains cholesterolwhich provides rigidity

Function: selectively

permeable boundarybetween the cell andthe externalenvironment


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NucleusNucleus Structure: the nucleus is a

sphere that contains

another sphere called anucleolus

Function: -storage center

of cells DNA

-manages cell functions


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Cell WallCell Wall Structure: rigid wall made

up of cellulose, proteins,

and carbohydrates Function: boundary

around the plant cell

outside of the cell

membrane that providesstructure and support


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CytoplasmCytoplasm Structure: gelatin-like fluid that lies inside the cell

membrane

Function: -contains salts, minerals and organicmolecules

-surrounds the organelles


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CytoskeletonCytoskeleton Structure: a network of

thin, fibrous elements

made up of microtubules(hollow tubes) and

microfilaments (threads

made out of actin)

Function: -acts as asupport system for

organelles

-maintains cell shape


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R

ibosomesR

ibosomes Structure: consist of two

subunits made of protein

and RNA Function: location of

protein synthesis


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EndoplasmicR

eticulumEndoplasmicR

eticulum Structure: a system of membranous tubules and

sacs

Function: intercellular highway (a path alongwhich molecules move from one part of the cell to

another)

Two types:

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum


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R

ough EndoplasmicR

eticulumR

ough EndoplasmicR

eticulum Rough Endoplasmic

Reticulum (rER):

prominent in cells thatmake large amounts of

proteins to be exported

from the cell or inserted

into the cell membrane Covered with

ribosomes


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Smooth EndoplasmicR

eticulumSmooth EndoplasmicR

eticulum Smooth Endoplasmic

Reticulum (sER): involved

in the synthesis of lipidsand breakdown of toxic

substances

Not covered with

ribosomes


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G

olgi ApparatusG

olgi Apparatus Structure: stacked flat

sacs

Function: receivesproteins from the rER and

distributes them to other

organelles or out of the

cell(receiving, processing,

packaging, and shipping)


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M

itochondriaM

itochondria Structure: folded

membrane within an outer

membrane The folds of the inner

membrane are called

cristae

Function: -convertsenergy stored in food into

usable energy for work

cellular respiration


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PeroxisomesPeroxisomes

Structure: spherical

organelles that contain

enzymes within singlemembranes

Function: Degrade

hydrogen peroxide, a

toxic compound that canbe produced during

metabolism.


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Cilia and FlagellaCilia and Flagella

Structure: hair-like organelles that extend from the

surface of cells

When they are present in large numbers on acell they are called cilia

When they are less numerous and longer they

are called flagella

Both organelles are composed of nine pairs ofmicrotubules arranged around a central pair.

Function: cell motility


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Cillia and FlagellaCillia and Flagella


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Basal BodiesBasal Bodies

The microtubule assembly of a cilium or flagellum

is anchored in the cell by a basal body.

Structurally identical to a centriole


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CentriolesCentrioles

Structure:

composed of nine

sets of tripletmicrotubules

arranged in a ring

Exist in pairs

Function:centrioles play a

major role in cell

division (mitosis)


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VacuolesVacuoles

Structure: a sac of fluid

surrounded by a

membrane Very large in plants

Function: used for

temporary storage of

wastes, nutrients, andwater


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PlastidsPlastids

There are three types of plastids in plant cells:

Chloroplasts (discussed on next slide)

Chromoplasts: synthesize and store pigments Leucoplasts: store food such as starches,

proteins, and lipids

Chromoplasts

Red Pepper

Flower

Leucoplasts


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ChloroplastsChloroplasts

Structure: stackedsacs (thylakoids) thatcontain chlorophyll

surrounded by adouble membrane

Function:photosynthesis

(conversion of lightenergy to chemicalenergy stored in thebonds of glucose)


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Secretory PathwaySecretory Pathway


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Secretory PathwaySecretory Pathway


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The following is a list of tissues that have specialized functions

and demonstrate corresponding specialization of subcellular

structure. Match the tissue with the letter of the cell structures

and organelles listed to the right that would be abundant inthese cells.

Tissues Cell Structures

and Organelles

1. Enzyme (protein)-secreting A. plasma membranecells of the pancreas B. mitochondria

2. Insect flight muscles C. Golgi

apparatus D. chloroplast

3. Cells lining the respiratory E. ER

passages F. cillia & flagella4. White blood cells that engulf G. vacuole

and destroy invading bacteria H. ribosome

5. Leaf cells in cacti I. lysosome

J. peroxisomes

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

Str ct ral Organi ation of E kar oticStr ct ral Organi ation of E kar otic


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Structural Organization of EukaryoticStructural Organization of Eukaryotic

and Prokaryotic Cellsand Prokaryotic Cells

2.3.4


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Eukaryotes vs. ProkaryotesEukaryotes vs. Prokaryotes

Eukaryotes (animals,

plants, fungi, protists) and

prokaryotes (bacteria)differ greatly in structure.

2.3.4

Pr r t E r t


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Pr r t E r t

nucl us? NO (nucl i ) Y S

r ne- undr nelles? NO Y S ( ny)

si e 1 - 10Qm 10 - 0Qm

whenevolved? 3. illionyearsago 1. illionyearsago

cytoplasm? Y S Y S

cell membrane? Y S Y S

cell wall? Some o Plants

ribosomes? Y S Y S

NA?Circular

ree loatingChromosomes inNucleus

examples BacteriaPlants,Animals, ungi,and

Protists

2.3.4


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Plant Cells vs. Animal CellsPlant Cells vs. Animal Cells

Animal cells are very similar to

plant cells except for the

following major differences: Animal cells do not contain

chloroplasts

Animal cells are not

surrounded by cell walls

The vacuoles in plants are

much larger than those of

animals

2.3.5

Microscope Pictures of aMicroscope Pictures of a


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Microscope Pictures of aMicroscope Pictures of a

Plant Cell and an Animal CellPlant Cell and an Animal Cell

ElodeaElodea Human Cheek CellsHuman Cheek Cells


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Extracellular componentsExtracellular components

2.3.6

Hierarchy of Biological OrderHierarchy of Biological Order


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Hierarchy of Biological OrderHierarchy of Biological Order


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THE EN

D!THE EN

D!

cells finale project

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