cells in their environment. review facts solution: a uniform mixture of 2 or more substances....
TRANSCRIPT
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Cells In Their Environment
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Review Facts
• Solution: a uniform mixture of 2 or more substances.
• Solute: the dissolved substance (salt)• Solvent: the dissolving substance (water)• When placed in water, NaCl will dissolve
into sodium and chloride ions.• The mixture would be considered a
solution.
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What Does This Have To Do With Cells???
• All cells live at least partly in touch with a water solution.
• To survive, cells must take in nutrients and eliminate waste materials.
• To do this, nutrients and waste materials must cross the cell membrane between the solution outside of the cell, and the solution inside the cell.
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What Kinds of Membranes Are There?
• Permeable membrane: membrane that allows for almost any substance to penetrate and pass through.
• Semi permeable membrane: allows certain molecules to pass through and prevents others from passing.
• Non permeable membranes: membranes that allow no passage.
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Semi Permeable Cell Membrane
• Small molecules like water can enter and leave the cell freely.
• However, small particles with strong electrical charge such as ions cannot pass easily through the membrane.
• The electrical charge prevents the ion from moving through the bilayer.
• Larger molecules such as proteins and carbohydrates cannot enter and leave the cell freely due to their size.
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Transportation Processes (2)
• Passive Transport: movement of a substance across a cell membrane without the input of the cell’s energy.
• Active Transport: uses cellular energy to move substances across the cell membrane.
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Passive Transport (3 types)
• Simple Diffusion
• Facilitated Diffusion
• Osmosis
All three involve the movement of a substance across a cell membrane without the input of the cell’s energy.
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Factors To Consider
• The rate of diffusion depends on the size and temperature of the molecule involved.
• Molecules diffuse faster at a higher temperature than at a lower temperature
• Smaller molecules are diffused more easily than larger ones.
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Factors To Consider (2)
• Diffusion always occurs down a concentration gradient.
• A concentration gradient is the difference between the concentration of a particular molecule in one area and its concentration in an adjacent area.
• When molecules have been dispersed evenly, there is no concentration gradient, an equilibrium has been reached, and diffusion stops.
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Simple Diffusion
• Most common form of passive transport.
• The random movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration (more molecules) to an area of lower concentration (fewer molecules).
• Enables oxygen and carbon dioxide to cross the membranes.
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Simple Diffusion
Initially, the concentration of a substance outside the cell is higher than the inside.
Later, the substance has diffused into the cell so that the concentration is the same on both sides of the membrane.
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If a lump of sugar is dropped into a beaker of water, the molecules dissolve (A) and diffuse (B and C).
Eventually, diffusion results in an even distribution of sugar molecules throughout the water (D).
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Facilitated Diffusion
• Molecules diffuse across a cell membrane with the help of carrier proteins in the membrane.
• Always move down the concentration gradient from a higher level of concentration to a lower level.
• Increases the rate at which larger molecules such as glucose can cross the cell membrane.
• Allows the glucose molecule into the blood cells.
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Facilitated Diffusion
During facilitated diffusion, carrier proteins shuttle molecules across the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane.
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Facilitated Diffusion
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Osmosis
• The third form of passive transport.• The diffusion of water across a semi permeable
membrane• Occurs when the concentrations of solutions on the 2
sides of a semi permeable membrane are different.• Again water moves down its concentration gradient.• Moves from solutions with higher water
concentration (higher solute) to solutions with lower water concentration (lower solute).
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Osmosis
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Types of Solutions
• Hypertonic Solution: concentration of solutes outside is higher than it is inside the cell in the cytoplasm.
• Water diffuses out.
• Ex: lettuce in a bowl of salt water.
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Types of Solutions (2)
• Isotonic Solution: concentration of solutes outside the cell is equal to that found inside the cell.
• Osmosis does not occur because solution is said to be in equilibrium.
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Types of Solutions (3)
• Hypotonic Solution: Solution in which the concentration of solutes outside the cell is lower than it is inside the cell.
• Water moves into the cell causing the cell to swell.
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Very Hypotonic Solution
• If the cell swells too much, it will burst due the the large amount of water entering it.
• This is referred to as being a very hypotonic solution.
• Distilled water is hypotonic because it contains no solutes.
• When animal cells are placed in distilled water, the cell bursts due to osmosis.
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Solution Types
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Active Transport
• Sodium Potassium Pump
Uses cellular energy to move substances across the cell membrane.
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Active Transport Factors
• Cells must use energy to move molecules across a membrane against a concentration gradient from areas of low concentration to areas of high concentration.
• Involves carrier proteins as seen in facilitative diffusion.
• Carrier proteins use energy to pump ions and molecules across the membrane.
• The energy comes from ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
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The Sodium Potassium Pump
• Active transport is especially important in maintaining the ion concentration in cells.
• Ex: Animal cells pump sodium ions out and potassium ions into the cell.
• Results in high concentration of potassium ions inside of the cell.
• High concentration of sodium ions outside of the cell.
• Uses 1/3 of the cells available energy (active).
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Sodium Potassium Pump
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Sodium Potassium Pump
• Important for the contraction of muscles, transmission of nerve impulses, and the absorption of nutrients.
• Ex: plants use the pump in its roots to absorb nutrients from the soil
• Nutrients are more concentrated in the roots than in the surrounding soil itself.
• Without active transport, the nutrients would diffuse out of the roots and back into the soil.
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Bulk Movement
• The use of several processes to transport large molecules such as polysaccharides or proteins across its membrane.
• Large molecules move across the cell membrane by being packaged in membrane bound sacs.
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Bulk Movement (2 types)
• Exocytosis
• Endocytosis– Phagocytosis– Pinocytosis
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Exocytosis
• Wastes and cell products are packaged by the golgi apparatus in sacs called golgi vesicles.
• The vesicles then fuse with the cell membrane and the materials in the vesicles is secreted out of the cell.
• Ex: When we cry, tear glands use exocytosis to secrete a salty solution containing proteins.
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Golgi vesicle
Wastes
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Endocytosis
• The process by which a portion of the cell membrane surrounds a desirable macromolecule that is outside of the cell.
• The cell then pinches off the saclike portion of its outer membrane to form a tiny new vesicle.
• Membranous vesicle moves into the cell where it can fuse with other organelles or release its contents into the cytoplasm.
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Desired macromolecules
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Endocytosis (2 types)
• Pinocytosis (cellular drinking)
• Phagocytosis (cellular eating)
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Pinocytosis
• Cell membrane encloses a product of fluid and its solutes and brings the droplet into the cell.
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Phagocytosis
• The cell engulfs the food particle or solid substance rather than a liquid.
• Many unicellular organisms such as amoebas obtain food by means of phagocytosis.
• Human white blood cells are phagocytes that engulf and destroy bacteria.
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Three tumor cells being engulfed by a white blood cell!
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The End