Cells

Scientist _____________________ Hour _____________

Microscope Use:

15. When focusing a specimen, you should always start with the _____________ objective.16. When using the high power objective, only the _______________ knob should be used. 17. The type of microscope used in most science classes is the ______________ microscope.18. You should carry the microscope by the ____________ and the ______________.19. The objectives are attached to what part of the microscope (it can be rotated to click lenses into place?) _________________________________________ 20. A microscope has an ocular objective of 10x and a high power objective of 50x, what is the microscope's total magnification? ______________

Label the Microscope (biologycorner.com)

Living things are made of _________________.

•Definition: __________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

★Read the following and answer the questions.

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells (adapted from Cullen)

Directions: Read and annotate this article about cells. Answer any questions in complete sentences.

Before Reading Vocabulary: Nucleus- a double membrane-bound control center separating the genetic material, DNA from the rest of the cell. It is like the brain! Organelle- Internal structures of cells that serve functions of the cell. “Little organs” Evolution-The process by which different organisms are thought to have developed Ancestral-Inherited from an ancestor

A Prokaryotic Cell is an ancient type of cell. They were here first and for billions of years were the only form of life. Even with the evolution of more complex eukaryotic cells, prokaryotes (an organism with only one cell) are very successful. All bacteria are prokaryotic organisms.

Pro = “before”, karyon = “nucleus” Prokaryotes, the first living organisms to evolve, are primarily distinguished by the fact that they do not have a nucleus. Their genetic material is not enclosed within the cytoplasm; ribosomes are their only type of organelle. Prokaryotes are most always single-celled, except when they exist in colonies (living together). Some prokaryotic cells have flagella, allowing them to move (see below.)

1. Prokaryotic cells are an _____________________ type of cell.

2. Parts of the word prokaryote have their own meaning: Pro- means “before” and -karyote means “nucleus”. How does this pertain to description of a prokaryote cell?

3. Provide an example of an organism that has only one prokaryotic cell (a prokaryote).

4. When is the only time that prokaryotes are not single-celled?

5. How do some prokaryotic cells move?

A Eukaryotic Cell is more complex, having evolved from a prokaryote-like cell. Most of the living things that we are typically familiar with are composed of eukaryotic cells; animals, plants, fungi and protists. Eukaryotic organisms can either be single-celled or multi-celled.

Eu = “true”, karyon = “nucleus” The most noticeable feature that differentiates these more complex cells from prokaryotes is the presence of a nucleus- a double membrane-bound control center separating the genetic material, DNA from the rest of the cell. Eukaryotic cells also contain internal structures called organelles. Organelles, such as mitochondria and chloroplasts, are both believed to have evolved from prokaryotes that began living within eukaryotic cells. These vital organelles are involved in metabolism and energy conversion within the cell. Other organelles within eukaryotic cell structure carry out the many additional functions required for the cell to survive, grow and reproduce.

1. What are the two types of eukaryotic organisms?

2. What is a nucleus?

3. Name four types of organisms that have eukaryotic cells.

Three types of cells: 1. ________________________ 2. ________________________ 3. ________________________

Cell Organelles

___________________________ - Supports and protects the plant and bacterial cell. NOT FOUND IN ANIMAL CELLS.

___________________________ - Allows materials to pass through, into and out of the cell.

___________________________ - Control center of the cell. Contains DNA.

___________________________ - Jelly-like transportation system in the cell.

___________________________ - Power house of the cell. Energy is made here.

___________________________ - The site of photosynthesis in plants. NOT FOUND IN ANIMAL CELLS.

___________________________ - Storage site for water and nutrients - a very large vacuole is found in PLANT CELLS.

Animal Cell/Plant Cell

Concepts and Challenges in Life Science, Teacher’s Resources CD-ROM(c) by Pearson Education, Inc./Globe Fearon/Pearson Learning Group. All rights reserved. VISUALS, page 1

Plant Cell

Animal Cell

Create a Venn Diagram of Plant and Animal Cells

Plants Animals

Name: Period: Date:

Cells “R” Us Teacher:

These drawings show how WE are made of CELLS.

Directions:1. Match the correct word from the WORD LIST below to the drawings 1-5.2. Color each drawing the CORRECT color noted under the word.3. Use your colored drawings and the same words to fill in the blanks for questions

1-10.

Word List: organism organ system organ tissue cellcolor to use (purple) (blue) (green) (yellow) (red)

1. A is the smallest unit of structure and function of a living thing.

2. An example of a cell is a cell.

3. A tissue is made of a group of similar working together.

4. An example of a tissue is tissue.

5. An organ is made of different working together to do a special job.

6. An example of an organ is the .

7. An organ system is made of many working together to do a special job.

8. An example of an organ system is the system.

9. An is a living thing that carries our its own life activities.

10. An example of an organism is .

Challenges:

The largest organ in the human body is the .

Human skin is an example of a because .

The Nervous System

Jobs

✴ Transmits ___________________ rapidly using _________________, from one part of the body to another.

✴ Made up of the _______________, _____________________, and

___________________.

Brain and Spinal Cord

✴ _________________________ and_______________________ messages. Main parts:

✴ Body: ✴ Dendrite: branches that _________________ impulses ______the cell body. ✴ Axon: elongated projections that ___________________ impulses

______________ from the cell body. ✴ Axon terminal: end of _________, where _______________ travel to another

neuron.

The Digestive System

Jobs

✴ Take in ___________ ✴ Break down food so _______________ can be ______________. ✴ Gets rid of what ____________ be digested.

Digestion Types

✴ Mechanical digestion ◦ Involves _____________ of food to __________ it down into

___________________________.

✴ Chemical digestion ◦ The action of chemicals in _______________ down molecules into

_________________ molecules.

The Mouth

✴ Uses: ◦ mechanical digestion in _______________________________ ◦ chemical digestions, uses _____________ in saliva to ______________________

The Throat

✴ Esophagus: ______________ tube that connects the _____________ to the _______________.

✴ Peristalsis: _______________ to move food through the _____________________.

The Stomach

✴ made of ___________ muscle ✴ uses ____________________ digestion to break down food ✴ very _________________________ environment

Small Intestine

✴ made of ___________ muscle ✴ uses ____________________ digestion ✴ __________________ the nutrients that are then put into the _________________. ✴ _____________________ pushes food through the intestines.

Accessory Organs

✴ Pancreas, Liver, & Gallbladder • provides _______________ to help with ________________ •released into the _________________________ to help ________ down food

Large Intestine

✴ absorbs _______________ from the leftover food ✴ peristalsis moves ______________ toward the _____________