cellstructureandorganisationlssbiology 110420051647-phpapp02
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Cellstructureandorganisationlssbiology 110420051647-phpapp02](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060118/5589dfe7d8b42a8d778b470d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Cell Structure & Cell Structure & OrganisationOrganisation
![Page 2: Cellstructureandorganisationlssbiology 110420051647-phpapp02](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060118/5589dfe7d8b42a8d778b470d/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Chapter OutlineChapter Outline(a) identify cell structures (including organelles) of
typical plant and animal cells from diagrams, photomicrographs and as seen under the light microscope using prepared slides and fresh material treated with an appropriate temporary staining technique:
• chloroplasts• cell membrane• cell wall• cytoplasm• cell vacuoles • nucleus
![Page 3: Cellstructureandorganisationlssbiology 110420051647-phpapp02](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060118/5589dfe7d8b42a8d778b470d/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Chapter OutlineChapter Outline(b) identify the following organelles from diagrams
and electronmicrographs:• mitochondria• ribosomes
(c) state the functions of the organelles identified above
(d) compare the structure of typical animal and plant cells
![Page 4: Cellstructureandorganisationlssbiology 110420051647-phpapp02](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060118/5589dfe7d8b42a8d778b470d/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Chapter OutlineChapter Outline(e) state, in simple terms, the relationship between
cell function and cell structure for the following:• absorption – root hair cells• conduction and support – xylem vessels• transport of oxygen – red blood cells
(f) differentiate cell, tissue, organ and organ system
![Page 5: Cellstructureandorganisationlssbiology 110420051647-phpapp02](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060118/5589dfe7d8b42a8d778b470d/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
What is a cell?What is a cell?
• Building blocks of life
• Simplest units of life
• Chemical reactions in the cell keeps us alive
![Page 6: Cellstructureandorganisationlssbiology 110420051647-phpapp02](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060118/5589dfe7d8b42a8d778b470d/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
CellsCells
White Blood CellsRed Blood Cells
![Page 7: Cellstructureandorganisationlssbiology 110420051647-phpapp02](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060118/5589dfe7d8b42a8d778b470d/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
CellsCells
Embryonic Stem Cells
![Page 8: Cellstructureandorganisationlssbiology 110420051647-phpapp02](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060118/5589dfe7d8b42a8d778b470d/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Other Examples of CellsOther Examples of Cells
Amoeba Proteus
Plant Stem
Red Blood Cell
Nerve Cell
Bacteria
![Page 9: Cellstructureandorganisationlssbiology 110420051647-phpapp02](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060118/5589dfe7d8b42a8d778b470d/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
CellsCells
What does a cell consists of?Each living cell consists of living material called protoplasm.
Protoplasm:• Water makes up 70% of protoplasm• Proteins• Carbohydrates• Fats
![Page 10: Cellstructureandorganisationlssbiology 110420051647-phpapp02](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060118/5589dfe7d8b42a8d778b470d/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
ProtoplasmProtoplasm
1) Cell Surface Membrane
2) Cytoplasm
3) Nucleus
![Page 11: Cellstructureandorganisationlssbiology 110420051647-phpapp02](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060118/5589dfe7d8b42a8d778b470d/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Cell Structures in Plant Cell Structures in Plant and Animal Cellsand Animal Cells
• nucleus• cytoplasm• cell membrane• cell wall• cell vacuoles • ribosomes• mitochondria• chloroplasts
![Page 12: Cellstructureandorganisationlssbiology 110420051647-phpapp02](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060118/5589dfe7d8b42a8d778b470d/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Animal and Plant CellsAnimal and Plant Cells
Animal Cell Plant Cell
Cell Structure and Function: http://lgfl.skoool.co.uk/keystage3.aspx?id=63
![Page 13: Cellstructureandorganisationlssbiology 110420051647-phpapp02](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060118/5589dfe7d8b42a8d778b470d/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Animal CellAnimal Cell
![Page 14: Cellstructureandorganisationlssbiology 110420051647-phpapp02](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060118/5589dfe7d8b42a8d778b470d/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Animal CellAnimal Cell
![Page 15: Cellstructureandorganisationlssbiology 110420051647-phpapp02](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060118/5589dfe7d8b42a8d778b470d/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Cell Surface MembraneCell Surface Membrane• Surrounds the cytoplasm of the cell
• Partially permeable membrane
– Allows some substances but not all to move in and out of the cell
![Page 16: Cellstructureandorganisationlssbiology 110420051647-phpapp02](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060118/5589dfe7d8b42a8d778b470d/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
CytoplasmCytoplasm• Between the cell surface membrane and the nucleus
• Contains enzymes and organelles
![Page 17: Cellstructureandorganisationlssbiology 110420051647-phpapp02](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060118/5589dfe7d8b42a8d778b470d/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
NucleusNucleus• Surrounded by a membrane
called the nuclear envelope• Contains one or more
nucleoli • Contains chromatin
Functions of the nucleus:
1. Controls cell activities such as cell growth and the repair of
worn-out parts
2. Essential for cell division
Nucleolus
![Page 18: Cellstructureandorganisationlssbiology 110420051647-phpapp02](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060118/5589dfe7d8b42a8d778b470d/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Organelles in the CytoplasmOrganelles in the Cytoplasm
• Mitochondria
• Ribosomes
• Chloroplasts (only in plant cells)
• Cell vacuoles
![Page 19: Cellstructureandorganisationlssbiology 110420051647-phpapp02](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060118/5589dfe7d8b42a8d778b470d/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
MitochondriaMitochondria• Aerobic respiration occurs in the mitochondria• Energy production• Energy used to perform cell activities such as
growth and reproduction
![Page 20: Cellstructureandorganisationlssbiology 110420051647-phpapp02](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060118/5589dfe7d8b42a8d778b470d/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
RibosomesRibosomes• Required for protein synthesis in the cell
![Page 21: Cellstructureandorganisationlssbiology 110420051647-phpapp02](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060118/5589dfe7d8b42a8d778b470d/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Vacuoles in Animal CellsVacuoles in Animal Cells
• A vacuole is a fluid-filled space enclosed by a membrane
• Animal cells have many small vacuoles that contain water and food substances such as proteins and carbohydrates
![Page 22: Cellstructureandorganisationlssbiology 110420051647-phpapp02](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060118/5589dfe7d8b42a8d778b470d/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Label and identify the diagramLabel and identify the diagram
Pop Quiz!
AB
C
D
F
E
![Page 23: Cellstructureandorganisationlssbiology 110420051647-phpapp02](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060118/5589dfe7d8b42a8d778b470d/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Plant CellPlant Cell
Plant Cells: http://lgfl.skoool.co.uk/keystage3.aspx?id=63
![Page 24: Cellstructureandorganisationlssbiology 110420051647-phpapp02](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060118/5589dfe7d8b42a8d778b470d/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Plant CellPlant Cell
![Page 25: Cellstructureandorganisationlssbiology 110420051647-phpapp02](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060118/5589dfe7d8b42a8d778b470d/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Differences Between Animal Differences Between Animal and Plant Cellsand Plant Cells
Animal Cells Plant Cells
Cell wall absent Cell wall present
Chloroplasts absent Chloroplasts present
Vacuoles are small, temporary in animal cells
Vacuoles are large, sap-filled in plant cells
![Page 26: Cellstructureandorganisationlssbiology 110420051647-phpapp02](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060118/5589dfe7d8b42a8d778b470d/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Cell WallCell Wall• Surrounds the cell surface
membrane• Cell wall is made of
cellulose• Protects the cell from injury• Gives the plant cell a fixed
shape• Cell wall is fully permeable
![Page 27: Cellstructureandorganisationlssbiology 110420051647-phpapp02](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060118/5589dfe7d8b42a8d778b470d/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
ChloroplastsChloroplasts
• Found only in plant cells
• Chloroplasts contain a green pigment called chlorophyll
• Chlorophyll is essential for photosynthesis, the process by which plants make food
![Page 28: Cellstructureandorganisationlssbiology 110420051647-phpapp02](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060118/5589dfe7d8b42a8d778b470d/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Vacuoles in Plant CellsVacuoles in Plant Cells
• Plant cells usually have a large central vacuole which contains a liquid called cell sap
• Cell sap contains dissolved substances such as sugars, mineral salts and amino acids
![Page 29: Cellstructureandorganisationlssbiology 110420051647-phpapp02](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060118/5589dfe7d8b42a8d778b470d/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Pop Quiz!
Label and identify the diagramLabel and identify the diagram
A
B
C
F
D
E
![Page 30: Cellstructureandorganisationlssbiology 110420051647-phpapp02](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060118/5589dfe7d8b42a8d778b470d/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
![Page 31: Cellstructureandorganisationlssbiology 110420051647-phpapp02](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060118/5589dfe7d8b42a8d778b470d/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Specialised CellsSpecialised Cells
Red Blood Cell
Root Hair Cell
Nerve Cell
Sperm Cell
Egg Cell
![Page 32: Cellstructureandorganisationlssbiology 110420051647-phpapp02](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060118/5589dfe7d8b42a8d778b470d/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Cell DifferentiationCell DifferentiationThe process by which cells develop special structures or lose certain structures to enable them to carry out specific functions.
Hence, cells become differentiated to form specialised cells.
The structure of each cell is adapted to perform the specific functions of the cell.
![Page 33: Cellstructureandorganisationlssbiology 110420051647-phpapp02](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060118/5589dfe7d8b42a8d778b470d/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Cell DifferentiationCell Differentiation
![Page 34: Cellstructureandorganisationlssbiology 110420051647-phpapp02](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060118/5589dfe7d8b42a8d778b470d/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
How is cell structure How is cell structure related to cell function?related to cell function?
1) Red Blood Cell
Cell Structure Adaptation to Function
Contains haemoglobin Haemoglobin transports oxygen from the lungs to all parts of the body.
No nucleus Carry more haemoglobin which leads to increased transport of oxygen.
Circular biconcave shape Increased surface area to volume ratio of the cell. Hence, increased transport of oxygen.
![Page 35: Cellstructureandorganisationlssbiology 110420051647-phpapp02](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060118/5589dfe7d8b42a8d778b470d/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
How is cell structure How is cell structure related to cell function?related to cell function?
Cell Structure Adaptation to Function
Long hollow tubes (no protoplasm)
Enables water to move easily through the lumen.
Lignified walls Lignin strengthens the walls and prevents the xylem vessels from collapsing.
2) Xylem Vessel
![Page 36: Cellstructureandorganisationlssbiology 110420051647-phpapp02](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060118/5589dfe7d8b42a8d778b470d/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
How is cell structure How is cell structure related to cell function?related to cell function?
Cell Structure Adaptation to Function
Long and narrow Increased surface area to volume ratio of the cell which leads to increased absorption of water and mineral salts from the soil.
3) Root Hair Cell
Specialised Plant and Animal Cells: http://lgfl.skoool.co.uk/keystage3.aspx?id=63
![Page 37: Cellstructureandorganisationlssbiology 110420051647-phpapp02](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060118/5589dfe7d8b42a8d778b470d/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
How do cells How do cells work together in work together in a multi-cellular a multi-cellular
organism?organism?
Organisation in Living Things: http://lgfl.skoool.co.uk/keystage3.aspx?id=63
![Page 38: Cellstructureandorganisationlssbiology 110420051647-phpapp02](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060118/5589dfe7d8b42a8d778b470d/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
TissueTissueA tissue is a group of similar cells which work together to perform a specific function.
Examples of tissues:• Muscle, the lining of the intestine, the lining of the lungs, phloem, root hair tissue
Connective Tissue
![Page 39: Cellstructureandorganisationlssbiology 110420051647-phpapp02](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060118/5589dfe7d8b42a8d778b470d/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
OrganOrganDifferent tissues may be combined together to form organs.
An organ is a structure made up of different tissues working together to perform a specific function.
Examples of organs:• Heart, lung, brain, leaf, root
Lungs
![Page 40: Cellstructureandorganisationlssbiology 110420051647-phpapp02](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060118/5589dfe7d8b42a8d778b470d/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
An organ is a structure made up of different tissues working together to perform a specific function.
![Page 41: Cellstructureandorganisationlssbiology 110420051647-phpapp02](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060118/5589dfe7d8b42a8d778b470d/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Organ SystemOrgan SystemOrgans work together to form organ systems.
Various systems work together to make up the entire organism.
Examples of organ systems:• Circulatory system, respiratory system, digestive system, nervous system and
reproductive system
Circulatory System
![Page 42: Cellstructureandorganisationlssbiology 110420051647-phpapp02](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060118/5589dfe7d8b42a8d778b470d/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Organ SystemsOrgan Systems
![Page 43: Cellstructureandorganisationlssbiology 110420051647-phpapp02](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060118/5589dfe7d8b42a8d778b470d/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
SystemSystem OrgansOrgansDigestive Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
Respiratory Trachea
Lungs
Organs work together to form organ systems.
![Page 44: Cellstructureandorganisationlssbiology 110420051647-phpapp02](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060118/5589dfe7d8b42a8d778b470d/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Pop Quiz!
Q1. Write out the order of cell organisation within an organism.
Q2. Give an example of an animal system with the order of cell organisation stated above.
![Page 45: Cellstructureandorganisationlssbiology 110420051647-phpapp02](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060118/5589dfe7d8b42a8d778b470d/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Organism
Pop Quiz!
Q1. Write out the order of cell organisation within an organism.
![Page 46: Cellstructureandorganisationlssbiology 110420051647-phpapp02](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060118/5589dfe7d8b42a8d778b470d/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
• Intestinal cell intestinal muscle small intestine digestive system human
• Nerve cell nerve tissue eye sensory system bird
Pop Quiz!
Q2. Give an example of an animal system with the order of cell organisation stated above.