Cellular Internet of ThingsforIndustrial Automation, Wearables, and Smart Cities

Dr. Y.-P. Eric WangResearch Leader, Ericsson Research

Content

1 5G & Cellular IoT

Cellular technology evolution & 5G vision; 5G use cases;

Continued 5G evolution and beyond 5G

What are the remaining performance gaps to address?

3

Highlights of cellular IoT solutions

LTE-M (a.k.a. Cat-M), NB-IoT, NR-URLLC, NR-IIoT, NR RedCap

2

Network deployment and ecosystem status

Commercial network deployment status; UE device availability; Future network migration

4

Consumer use casesConsumer, Smart City,

Industry verticals

Cellular Technology Evolution

AMPS D-AMPS (IS-136), GSM,

GPRS

W-CDMA,

CDMA2000

LTE NR

1G~1980

2G~1990

3G~2000

4G~2010

5G~2020

Analog voice Digital voice Enhance digital voice Voice over IP

SMS Multimedia SMS

Mobile internet browsing Mobile broadband (MBB) eMBB (e.g. UHD video)

mIoT cIoT IIoT

LTE-M, NB-IoT

Cellular IoT Segments

Massive IoT

CriticalIoT

Broadband IoT

Industrial AutomationIoT

Asset management

Fleet Management

AutomotiveC-ITS

VR/AR

Drones/UAV Smart Grid Automation

Collaborative robotics

Traffic Safety& Control

Advanced Automation

& Control

SmartMetering

1 3 7 0

One network – multiple use cases and industries

Low cost devicesSmall data volumesMassive numbers

Industrial protocolsTime sensitive networksPrecise indoor positioning

High throughputLow latencyLarge data volume

Ultra reliabilityUltra low latencyVery high availability

NB-IoT + Cat-M1 4G LTE + 5G NR 5G NR 5G NR

sensors

3GPP Cellular IoT Technologies

20 dB better than

smart phone

coverage

Coverage

(A) ultra-low, e.g. <$5

(B) low

Device Cost

(A) >10 years

(B) Multi-year

Battery Life

1M devices per km2

Connection Density

Up to 99.9999%

within 0.5 ms

Reliability & Latency

Time jitter in the order

of us

Bounded Low Latency

LTE-M: 3GPP Rel-13 (2016)

NB-IoT: 3GPP Rel-13 (2016)

NR URLLC: 3GPP Rel-15 (2018)

NR RedCap: 3GPP Rel-17 (2022)

NR IIoT: 3GPP Rel-16 (2020)

A A

A

B B

Performance Target

A

LTE-M & NB-IoT Overview

Coverage Battery life Capacity Peak Throughput DL/UL Mobility

LTE MTC 164 dB (+20 dB)

10+ Year 4.3 MHz/1M devices

300/375 kbps(0.8/1 Mbps)

Connected & idle mode mobility

NB-IoT 164 dB (+20 dB)

10+ Year 3 MHz/1M devices

21/63 kbps(227/250 kbps)

Idle mode mobility

Carrier Bandwidth

1.4-20 MHz

200 kHz

— Coverage enhancements essentially by time repetition

— Reduced UE complexity by narrow device BW, lower data rate requirements, and 1 Rx antenna

— LTE-M device BW is 1.4 MHz for Cat-M1 and 5 MHz for Cat-M2.

— NB-IoT device BW is 180 kHz for both Cat-NB1 and Cat-NB2.

NR RedCap Use Cases

● Intended to address use cases that are not best served by 3GPP Rel-16 specifications

● Main use cases

– Wearables

– Industrial wireless sensors

– Video surveillance

eMBB

mMTC URLLC

diversified requirements

for industrial wireless sensors,

wearables, video surveillance, and

more

• Extreme coverage

• Ultra-low UE complexity

• 10-15 years battery life

• …

• Data rate• Spectral efficiency• …

• Latency• Reliability• …

RedCap

3GPP Rel-17 RedCap

● Generic requirements

– Device complexity: lower device cost and complexity as compared to high-end eMBB and URLLC devices of Rel-15/Rel-16.

– Device size: enables a device design with compact form factor.

– Deployment scenarios: System should support all FR1/FR2 bands for FDD and TDD.

● Use case specific requirements:

Use case Data rate Latency Reliability Battery life

IWSN 2 Mbps 100 ms 99.99% (service availability)

Few years

Video Surveillance

2-4 Mbps,7.5-25 Mbps (high-end)

500 ms 99%-99.9%

Wearables 10-50 Mbps in DL, minimum 5 Mbps in UL.Peak bit rate: 150 Mbps for DL and 50 Mbps UL

Up to 1-2 weeks

Performance

● Modem cost reduction:

• The reference is a UE supporting all mandatory features.

● Battery life:

● Using eDRX cycles of a few minutes in idle (or inactive) mode, a battery life of several years can be reached.

● Coverage impact:

● Only a few DL channels need coverage recovery, and the losses can be compensated by legacy techniques

● Capacity impact:

● Assuming low data volume for RedCap UEs, system-level simulations indicate small impact from RedCap UEs on spectral efficiency, capacity and eMBB UE performance.

FR1 FDD FR1 TDD FR2Cost reduction ~65% ~71% (1 Rx)

~58% (2 Rx)~48%

●Peak rate:

● For TDD, a 3:1 DL:UL pattern is assumed in this table.

FR1 FDD FR1 TDD FR2DL peak rate ~80 Mbps ~60 Mbps (1 Rx)

~120 Mbps (2 Rx)~300 Mbps

UL peak rate ~80 Mbps ~20 Mbps ~100 Mbps

3GPP Release-15 URLLC

● ITU requirements were adopted:

– Latency requirement (one-way): Down to 1 ms

● Layer 2/3 SDU ingress point to layer 2/3 SDU egress point of the radio interface

– Reliability requirement: Up to 1 − 10−5

– Packet size: 32 Bytes

SDUs shall be correctly delivered within 1 ms (from ingress to egress) with an acceptable failure rate of 10−5. A late packet is a failure.

3GPP URLLC/IIoT featuresNumerology & mini-slot

μ SCS [kHz] Slot duration0 15 1 ms1 30 0.5 ms2 60 0.25 ms3 120 0.125 ms4 240 0.0625 ms

Pre-scheduling

gNB

UE

UL

schedulig

request

(SR)

UL grantUL

transmissio

n

Skip SR-to-grant delay

μ=0

Time

Fre

q.

Min

i-slo

t

NR slot

μ=2

μ=1

Fast HARQ

DL DataDC

I

UL DataK0

K2

K1

DL

ACK

The fastest case is K0 = K1 = K2 = 0 slots

TSN integration

IIoT

device

UE

5GCRAN

PLC

5G domain: Supporting Ethernet/TSNEthernet

TSN domainEthernet

TSN domain

Eth bridge

TSN control

Time reference

Duplication

Same UE in Dual

Connectivity (e.g. PDCP)

or Multiple UEs

FRER: Frame Replication and Elimination for Reliability

Host A Host BFRER

UE

UE

gNb1

gNb2

UPF1

UPF2

Switch

Switch

FRER

Dual connectivity

Carrier

Aggregaiton

Pre-emption

eMBB eMBB

UR

LLC

Pre-emption

indication

Repair transmissionRobust control and data

• Robust MCS tables

• CQI table for low BLER

reporting

• Robust PDCCH/PUCCH

Fast UE processing

Low-latency features

High-reliability features

TSN feature

5G-Advanced and 6G● 5G-Advanced starts in 3GPP Rel-18

– Standardization work will start in 2022

● 6G work to start in Rel-19 (2024) with the 1st specification release in Rel-21 (~2028)

● Cellular IoT evolutions beyond 5G

– Energy-efficiency improvement toward net-zero energy IoT

– Further UE complexity reduction

– Coverage (e.g., satellite mode)

Rel15 Rel16 Rel17 Rel18 Rel19 Rel20 Rel21

5G basiceMBB

Basic URLLC

5G evoV2X, NR-U,

IIoT/TSN, IAB,

positioning

5G evoeMBB, URLLC,

RedCap

5G evoUltra-lowe power

WUR, eRedCap

5G evo... 5G evo

5G evo

6G SI 6G WIBasic 6G

6G requirements

2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028

WR

C ‘2

7

“5G Advanced” or “5.5G”

LTE-M and NB-IoT Global ECO System and Market Status

139 operators in 64 countries have

deployed/launched CIoT technologies

729 devices supporting either Cat-M1, Cat-NB1 or Cat-

NB2

165 operators in 80 countries are known

to be actively investing in NB-IoT

networks

74 operators in 41 countries are known

to be actively investing in NB-IoT

networks

456 devices support Cat-NB1

109 devices support Cat-NB2

536 devices support Cat-M1

References: NB-IoT & LTE-M: Global Ecosystem, September 2021https://gsacom.com/download.php?id=10774

Ericsson Mobility Report November 2021 https://www.ericsson.com/4ad7e9/assets/local/reports-papers/mobility-report/documents/2021/ericsson-mobility-report-november-2021.pdf

Future Network Migration

LTE/LTE-M

NB-

IoT

LTE carrier bandwidth

NR

NB-

IoT

NR carrier bandwidth

LTE-M

Today

Future

Spectrum

re-farming

Dynamic

spectrum

sharing

RAN

software

upgrade

NR built-in

forward

compatibility

Futu

re I

oT

Cellular IoT service continuity ensured during eMBB driven network migration

Further Reading

LTE-M NB-IoT URLLC IIoT RedCap

LTE

Support mmW bands (FR2)

NR