cellular metabolism biol 105 lecture 6 read chapter 3 (pages 63 – 69)
TRANSCRIPT
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Cellular Metabolism
Biol 105
Lecture 6
Read Chapter 3 (pages 63 – 69)
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Metabolism
Consists of all of the chemical reactions that take place in a cell
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Metabolism
Animation—Breaking Down Glucose For Energy
http://wps.aw.com/bc_goodenough_boh_4/177/45509/11650544.cw/index.html
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Cellular Metabolism
Aerobic cellular respiration – requires oxygen, produces carbon dioxide
Anaerobic Fermentation – does not require oxygen
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Summary of Cellular Respiration
Figure 3.27
Bloodvessel
Carrierprotein
Glucose
Oxygen
Extracellular fluid
Plasmamembrane
Glycolysisglucose pyruvate
Mitochondrion
CitricAcidCycle
ElectronTransport
Chain
TransitionReaction
Electronstransferredby NADH
Cytoplasm
Electronstransferredby NADH
and FADH2
Electronstransferredby NADH
+32 ATP 36 ATP+2 ATP +2 ATP
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Aerobic Cellular respiration
In aerobic cellular respiration cells take in sugar (glucose) and breaks it down to into carbon dioxide and water, this requires oxygen.
This process produces energy in the form of ATP
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 +6H2O + Energy
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Aerobic Cellular respiration
There are four steps of aerobic cellular respiration:
1. Glycolysis
2. Transition Reaction
3. Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)
4. Electron Transport Chain
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NADH and FADHNADH and FADH22 are important carriers of are important carriers of electronselectrons
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Cellular Respiration - Glycolysis
Phase 1: Glycolysis
Occurs in the cytoplasm Splits one glucose into two pyruvate molecules Generates a net gain of 2 ATP and 2 NADH
molecules Does not require oxygen
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Cellular Respiration - Glycolysis
Starts with glucose
Ends with 2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 pyruvate
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Glycolysis
Figure 3.23
Cytoplasm
2 ADP
Glucose
Energy-investment
phase
Glycolysis (in cytoplasm)
2 NADH
2 NAD+
4 ATP
4 ADP
Energy-yieldingphase
2 ATP
The two molecules of pyruvate then diffusefrom the cytoplasm into the inner compartmentof the mitochondrion, where they pass througha few preparatory steps (the transition reaction) before entering the citric acid cycle.
During the remaining steps, four molecules of ATP are produced.
During the first steps,two molecules of ATP are consumed in preparingglucose for splitting.
2 Pyruvate
Two molecules of nicotine adenine dinucleotide (NADH), a carrier of high-energy electrons, also are produced.
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In Cytosol
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Cellular Respiration – Transition Reaction
Phase 2: Transition reaction
Occurs within the mitochondria
Coenzyme A combines with pyruvate and CO2 is removed from each pyruvate
Forms 2 acetyl CoA molecules Produces 2 NADH
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Transition Reaction
Start with: 2 pyruvate (3 carbon molecules) 2 Coenzyme A
End with: 2 CO2
2 NADH 2 Acetyl CoA (2 carbon molecule)
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Transition Reaction
Figure 3.24
NADH
(electron passesto electrontransport chain)
NAD+
Pyruvate (from glycolysis)
Acetyl CoA
CoA
Coenzyme A
CO2
Transition Reaction (in mitochondrion)
Citric Acid Cycle
A molecule of NADH is formed when NAD+
gains two electrons and one proton.
One carbon (in the form of CO2) is removed from pyruvate.
The two-carbon molecule, called an acetyl group, binds to coenzyme A (CoA), forming acetyl CoA, which enters the citric acid cycle.
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Cellular Respiration – Citric acid cycle
Phase 3: Citric acid cycle
Occurs in the mitochondria Acetyl CoA enters the citric acid cycle Releases 2 ATP, 2 FADH2 and 6 NADH, 4
CO2 molecules
Requires oxygen
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Citric Acid Cycle
Also called the Krebs Cycle
Start with 2 Acetyl CoA
End with: 4 CO2
2 ATP 6 NADH and 2 FADH2
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Citric Acid Cycle
Figure 3.25
Acetyl CoA
CoA
Citrate
CO2
leavescycle
NAD+
NADH
-Ketoglutarate
CO2 leaves cycle
NADH
FAD
Succinate
FADH2
Malate
NAD+
ATP ADP
Citric Acid Cycle
NADH
Oxaloacetate
NAD+
Pi+
Acetyl CoA, the two-carbon compound formed during the transition reaction, enters the citric acid cycle.The citric acid cycle also
yields several molecules of FADH2 and NADH, carriers of high-energy electrons that enter the electron transport chain.
The citric acid cycle yields One ATP from each acetyl CoA that enters the cycle,for a net gain of two ATP.
Citric Acid Cycle (in mitochondrion)
CoA
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Cellular Respiration
Phase 4: Electron transport chain
Electrons of FADH2 and NADH are transferred from one protein to another, until they reach oxygen
Releases energy that results in 32 ATP Requires oxygen
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The Big Pay Off – Electron Transport Chain
NADH and FADH2 are important carriers of electrons
They donate electrons to the electron transport chain
At the end of the chain oxygen accepts the electrons.
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The Big Pay Off – Electron Transport Chain
Electron Transport Chain produces ATP using the ATP synthase protein molecule
The Electron Transport Chain produces 32 ATP
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Electron Transport Chain
Figure 3.26
The molecules of NADH andFADH2 produced by earlier phasesof cellular respiration pass their electrons to a series of protein molecules embedded in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.
As the electrons are transferred from one protein to the next, energy is released and used to make ATP.2e–
2e–
2e–
2e–
2e–
NAD+
High
Low
Membraneproteins
H2O
2 H+ + O2Energy released is used
for synthesis of ATP
FADH2
NADH
Electron Transport Chain (inner membrane of mitochondrion)
FAD
12
Po
ten
tial
en
erg
y
Eventually, the electrons are passed to oxygen, which combines with two hydrogens to form water.
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How is ATP made using the ETC
1. In the mitochondria, the NADH and FADH donate electrons to the electron transport chain (ETC)
2. Oxygen is the final electron acceptor from the ETC
3. The ETC uses the energy from the electrons to transport H+ against the concentration gradient, transporting them from the lumen of the mitochondria to the intermembrane space.
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How is ATP made using the ETC
4. The ATPsynthase transports the H+ back to the lumen of the mitochondria.
5. The H+ falling through the ATPsynthase provides the energy for the ATPsynthase to catalyze the reaction of ADP + P →ATP
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Summary of Cellular Respiration
Table 3.5
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Summary of Cellular Respiration
One molecule of glucose is broken down and 36 ATP are generated.
Oxygen is used by the electron transport chain – it accepts electrons from the ETC
Carbon dioxide is produced by the Transition Reaction and the Citric acid cycle
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Glycolysis: Starts the process by taking in glucose. Produces 2 ATP
The Transition Reaction produces CO2 and NADH
The Citric acid cycle: Produces 2 ATP but also produces lots of NADH and FADH2. Produces CO2.
Summary of Cellular Respiration
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Electron transport chain
Takes electrons from NADH and FADH2 and uses them to produce ATP using the ATP synthase molecule.
Requires oxygen. Oxygen is the final electron acceptor on the electron transport chain
One glucose can produce a total of 36 ATP
Summary of Cellular Respiration
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Complex Complex Carbohydrates Carbohydrates must first be must first be broken down into broken down into glucose before glucose before entering glycolysisentering glycolysis
Fats and proteins Fats and proteins enter the process enter the process at different stepsat different steps
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Oxygen
Cellular respiration requires oxygen – this is aerobic cellular respiration
Sometimes organisms, including humans, need to produce energy without using oxygen
When you need energy quick, or if there is not enough O2 then the cell will use only glycolysis
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Anaerobic Fermentation
Breakdown of glucose without oxygen
Takes place entirely in the cytoplasm
It is very inefficient - results in only two ATP
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Anaerobic Fermentation
Anaerobic Fermentation: Anaerobic pathway to produce ATP from glycolysis without the Krebs and ETC
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Fermentation in Animals
When cells need energy quick they will use this pathway for a short time
2 pyruvic acid + 2 NADH → 2 lactate and 2 NAD+
End result = lactate and 2 ATP produced (from glycolysis) and NAD+ is regenerated
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What is the starting molecule of glycolysis?
1. Acetyl CoA
2. Protein
3. Glucose
4. Pyruvate (pyruvic acid)
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Which stage produces CO2
1. Glycolysis
2. Electron Transport Chain
3. Transition
4. Citric acid Cycle
5. Both 3 and 4
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Which stage uses O2
1. Glycolysis
2. Krebs Cycle
3. Electron Transport Chain
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Which stage produces the most NADHs
1. Glycolysis
2. Krebs Cycle
3. Electron Transport Chain
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Which stage produces the most ATP
1. Glycolysis
2. Krebs Cycle
3. Electron Transport Chain
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Important Concepts
Read Ch 4
What is Cellular respiration and Anaerobic Fermentation and what are the differences between them.
What are the four steps of aerobic cellular respiration, what happens in each step, what are the starting molecules, what comes out of each step, where in the cell does each step occur, how many ATP and NADH/FADH2 are produced in each step.
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Important Concepts
Describe in detail how is ATP made using the electron transport chain
What is the role of ATPsynthase, H+, O2, NADH and FADH2 and the electron transport chain in ATP production?
Know the overall picture of cellular respiration (summary slides)
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Important Concepts
What is the role of oxygen in cellular respiration, what steps produce carbon dioxide
What is anaerobic fermentation, what steps are involved in fermentation, what end products are produced in humans, is oxygen required? when is it used.
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Definitions
Aerobic cellular respiration, anaerobic fermentation , ATP synthase, metabolism