cellular organization. characteristics of life all organisms (uni- & multicellular) carry out...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Cellular Organization. Characteristics of life All organisms (uni- & multicellular) carry out the same functions of life: 1) All life is made of cells](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649e1a5503460f94b07769/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Cellular Organization
![Page 2: Cellular Organization. Characteristics of life All organisms (uni- & multicellular) carry out the same functions of life: 1) All life is made of cells](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649e1a5503460f94b07769/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Characteristics of lifeAll organisms (uni- & multicellular) carry out the same
functions of life:
1) All life is made of cells.2) Reproduction: life comes from life (biogenesis).
3) Heredity directed by DNA: growth & development.
4) Metabolism: energy utilization and transformation.
5) Homeostasis: maintenance of steady-state conditions.
6) Response to stimuli: organisms sense and react to their environment.
7) Evolutionary adaptation: life changes in response to
interactions between organisms and environment.
![Page 3: Cellular Organization. Characteristics of life All organisms (uni- & multicellular) carry out the same functions of life: 1) All life is made of cells](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649e1a5503460f94b07769/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Cell theory
Robert Hooke first described cells in 1665 using a microscope he made himself.
![Page 4: Cellular Organization. Characteristics of life All organisms (uni- & multicellular) carry out the same functions of life: 1) All life is made of cells](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649e1a5503460f94b07769/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Cell theory
The cell theory has developed since Robert Hooke’s work beginning in 1665.
There are three components:All organisms are composed of one or more cells;Cells are the smallest units of life;All cells come from pre-existing cells.
![Page 5: Cellular Organization. Characteristics of life All organisms (uni- & multicellular) carry out the same functions of life: 1) All life is made of cells](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649e1a5503460f94b07769/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Evidence for the cell theory
1) All organisms are com- posed of one or more cells:
Hooke’s observations of cork cells in 1665:
Hooke coined the term “cell”, since the com-partments reminded
him of the rooms (or cells) of monks.
![Page 6: Cellular Organization. Characteristics of life All organisms (uni- & multicellular) carry out the same functions of life: 1) All life is made of cells](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649e1a5503460f94b07769/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Evidence for the cell theory
1) All organisms are composed of one or more cells:
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek observed the first living
cells (the alga Spirogyra) in the 1670s.
![Page 7: Cellular Organization. Characteristics of life All organisms (uni- & multicellular) carry out the same functions of life: 1) All life is made of cells](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649e1a5503460f94b07769/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Evidence for the cell theory
1) All organisms are composed of one or more cells:
In 1838 Mathias Schleiden observed that plants are made of cells.
![Page 8: Cellular Organization. Characteristics of life All organisms (uni- & multicellular) carry out the same functions of life: 1) All life is made of cells](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649e1a5503460f94b07769/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Evidence for the cell theory
1) All organisms are composed of one or more cells:
In 1839 Theodor Schwann observed that animals are made of cells.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dscY_2QQbKU
![Page 9: Cellular Organization. Characteristics of life All organisms (uni- & multicellular) carry out the same functions of life: 1) All life is made of cells](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649e1a5503460f94b07769/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Evidence for the cell theory
2) Cells are the smallest units of life:To date, no one has found a living thing on Earth that is not made of at least one cell.
But viruses are not made of cells. Are they alive?
Bacteriophages infecting a bacterium
![Page 10: Cellular Organization. Characteristics of life All organisms (uni- & multicellular) carry out the same functions of life: 1) All life is made of cells](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649e1a5503460f94b07769/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Evidence for the cell theory
3) All cells come from pre-existing cells. Spontaneous generation is the idea that life can be generated from non-living matter.
The concept goes back to Aristotle ~330 BC; if meat were left out, maggots would appear in a few days. Francesco Redi disproved this in 1668.
Maggot eggsseen on cloth
![Page 11: Cellular Organization. Characteristics of life All organisms (uni- & multicellular) carry out the same functions of life: 1) All life is made of cells](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649e1a5503460f94b07769/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
The size of cells and other things
Although cells can be seen with a light microscope, viruses are too small to be seen that way.
The electron microscope bounces electrons off targets, so smaller things can be seen.
![Page 12: Cellular Organization. Characteristics of life All organisms (uni- & multicellular) carry out the same functions of life: 1) All life is made of cells](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649e1a5503460f94b07769/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
The size of things
The electron microscope
![Page 13: Cellular Organization. Characteristics of life All organisms (uni- & multicellular) carry out the same functions of life: 1) All life is made of cells](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649e1a5503460f94b07769/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
The size of things
The electron microscope shows the relative sizes of molecules, cell membrane thickness, and viruses.
Molecules from 1 nm Membranes about 10 nm
![Page 14: Cellular Organization. Characteristics of life All organisms (uni- & multicellular) carry out the same functions of life: 1) All life is made of cells](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649e1a5503460f94b07769/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
The size of things
Viruses: up to 100 nm
HIV budding from infected cell
Bacteriophage
Tobacco mosaic virus
![Page 15: Cellular Organization. Characteristics of life All organisms (uni- & multicellular) carry out the same functions of life: 1) All life is made of cells](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649e1a5503460f94b07769/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
The size of things
But cells and most organelles can be seen with the light microscope.
Cells are up to 100 μm(100 micrometers).Organelles up to 10 μm.
Chloroplast
![Page 16: Cellular Organization. Characteristics of life All organisms (uni- & multicellular) carry out the same functions of life: 1) All life is made of cells](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649e1a5503460f94b07769/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Calculating magnification
Images must contain a scale bar to indicate size.
Scale is indicated on photo or in text.Multiply to find the actual size of material.
From text, bar = 1 micron, so width of strand = 2 x 1 = 2 μm.
Photo states bar = 20 nm, so lengthof molecule = 8 x 20 = 160 nm.
![Page 17: Cellular Organization. Characteristics of life All organisms (uni- & multicellular) carry out the same functions of life: 1) All life is made of cells](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649e1a5503460f94b07769/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
The size of life
A comparison of sizeshttp://www.cellsalive.com/howbig.htm
![Page 18: Cellular Organization. Characteristics of life All organisms (uni- & multicellular) carry out the same functions of life: 1) All life is made of cells](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649e1a5503460f94b07769/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Limits to cell size
Why are cells so small?As a cell increases in size,
volume increases faster than surface area. Smal-ler cells have a greater ratio of surface area/volume .Cube a Cube b Cube c
![Page 19: Cellular Organization. Characteristics of life All organisms (uni- & multicellular) carry out the same functions of life: 1) All life is made of cells](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649e1a5503460f94b07769/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Emergent properties of multicellular organisms
New properties emerge in multicelled organisms.
Differentiation allows for specialization of cells.
for digestion, reproduction, sensing the environment, etc.
![Page 20: Cellular Organization. Characteristics of life All organisms (uni- & multicellular) carry out the same functions of life: 1) All life is made of cells](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649e1a5503460f94b07769/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Cell differentiation
Multicellular organisms differentiate to carry out specialized func- tions by expressing some of their genes but not others.
*After birth many genes are “turned off” permanently.
*Think how puberty causes new developments to occur
that were not therepreviously - other DNA is “turned on”.
![Page 21: Cellular Organization. Characteristics of life All organisms (uni- & multicellular) carry out the same functions of life: 1) All life is made of cells](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649e1a5503460f94b07769/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Cell differentiation
Some cells retain the capacity to divide, as well as their ability to differentiate.
Example: cuttings from plants produce whole plants.
![Page 22: Cellular Organization. Characteristics of life All organisms (uni- & multicellular) carry out the same functions of life: 1) All life is made of cells](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649e1a5503460f94b07769/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Stem cells
Stem cells retain the capacity to divide and have the ability to differentiate along different
pathways.One type (em-bryonic stem
cells) must beharvested from aborted embryos.
![Page 23: Cellular Organization. Characteristics of life All organisms (uni- & multicellular) carry out the same functions of life: 1) All life is made of cells](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649e1a5503460f94b07769/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Stem cellsAdult (somatic) stem cells are unspecialized cells that are found in different parts of the body (like bone marrow).
Umbilical cord blood from newborns also has a potential for the harvesting of stem cells.
![Page 24: Cellular Organization. Characteristics of life All organisms (uni- & multicellular) carry out the same functions of life: 1) All life is made of cells](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649e1a5503460f94b07769/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Stem cells
Therapeutic uses of stem cells:
![Page 25: Cellular Organization. Characteristics of life All organisms (uni- & multicellular) carry out the same functions of life: 1) All life is made of cells](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649e1a5503460f94b07769/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Cellular Organization
Prokaryotes
![Page 26: Cellular Organization. Characteristics of life All organisms (uni- & multicellular) carry out the same functions of life: 1) All life is made of cells](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649e1a5503460f94b07769/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Objectives
2.2.1 – Draw & label a diagram of Escherichia coli (E. coli) as an example of a prokaryote.
2.2.2 – Annotate the diagram from 2.2.1 with the functions of each named structure.
2.2.3 – Identify structures from 2.2.1 in electron micrographs of E. coli.
2.2.4 – State that prokaryotes divide by binary fission.
![Page 27: Cellular Organization. Characteristics of life All organisms (uni- & multicellular) carry out the same functions of life: 1) All life is made of cells](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649e1a5503460f94b07769/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Prokaryotic cells
Prokaryotes are in the kingdoms Archaebacteria and Eubacteria.
Unicellular bacteria.No membrane-boundorganelles.DNA is not separated
from cytoplasm (no nucleus).
Usually very small in size (~1 μm).
(Bacteria on a pinhead)
![Page 28: Cellular Organization. Characteristics of life All organisms (uni- & multicellular) carry out the same functions of life: 1) All life is made of cells](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649e1a5503460f94b07769/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Prokaryotic cells
An example of a prokaryote is Escherichia coli (E. coli), a symbiotic bacterium
that lives in the human gut and helps us digest
our food.Draw & label:
No nucleus or other organelle
![Page 29: Cellular Organization. Characteristics of life All organisms (uni- & multicellular) carry out the same functions of life: 1) All life is made of cells](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649e1a5503460f94b07769/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Escherichia coli
Functions of bacterial structuresNucleoid (or chromosome): the structure of DNA that contains the
heredity of the bacterial life.
![Page 30: Cellular Organization. Characteristics of life All organisms (uni- & multicellular) carry out the same functions of life: 1) All life is made of cells](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649e1a5503460f94b07769/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Escherichia coli
Functions of bacterial structuresRibosomes: granules of RNA that translate the original DNA code into protein.
![Page 31: Cellular Organization. Characteristics of life All organisms (uni- & multicellular) carry out the same functions of life: 1) All life is made of cells](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649e1a5503460f94b07769/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Escherichia coli
Functions of bacterial structuresPlasma membrane: a lipid bilayer with proteins re- sponsible for transport of ions, nutrients & waste.
![Page 32: Cellular Organization. Characteristics of life All organisms (uni- & multicellular) carry out the same functions of life: 1) All life is made of cells](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649e1a5503460f94b07769/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Escherichia coli
Functions of bacterial structuresCell wall: A barrier of sugars and proteins (peptido- glycan) that produces the shape of the bacterium.
2 types – Gram pos.
(purple)
Gram neg. (pink)
![Page 33: Cellular Organization. Characteristics of life All organisms (uni- & multicellular) carry out the same functions of life: 1) All life is made of cells](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649e1a5503460f94b07769/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Escherichia coli
The Gram stain is a way to partially identify bacteria based upon their cell wall characteristics.
E. coli are gram negative bacilli (left below).
Gram negative Gram positive
![Page 34: Cellular Organization. Characteristics of life All organisms (uni- & multicellular) carry out the same functions of life: 1) All life is made of cells](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649e1a5503460f94b07769/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Prokaryotic cells
Shapes of bacteria:coccus (2 cocci) – roundbacillus (2 bacilli) – rodspirillum (2 spirilla) - spiral
Staphylo- = grapeStrepto- = chainDiplo- = pair
![Page 35: Cellular Organization. Characteristics of life All organisms (uni- & multicellular) carry out the same functions of life: 1) All life is made of cells](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649e1a5503460f94b07769/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Prokaryotic cellsElectron micrographs of E. coli
show more detail than is possible with a light micro-
scope.
![Page 36: Cellular Organization. Characteristics of life All organisms (uni- & multicellular) carry out the same functions of life: 1) All life is made of cells](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649e1a5503460f94b07769/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Prokaryotic cell division
Prokaryotes divide by binary fission.
The cell grows, DNA is copied, then it splits into 2 daughter cells.
![Page 37: Cellular Organization. Characteristics of life All organisms (uni- & multicellular) carry out the same functions of life: 1) All life is made of cells](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649e1a5503460f94b07769/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Cellular Organization
Eukaryotes
![Page 38: Cellular Organization. Characteristics of life All organisms (uni- & multicellular) carry out the same functions of life: 1) All life is made of cells](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649e1a5503460f94b07769/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Objectives
2.3.1 – Draw and label a diagram of the ultra-structure of a liver cell as an
example of an animal cell.
2.3.2 – Annotate the diagram from 2.3.1 with the functions of each named structure.
2.3.3 – Identify structures from 2.3.1 in electron micrographs of liver cells.
![Page 39: Cellular Organization. Characteristics of life All organisms (uni- & multicellular) carry out the same functions of life: 1) All life is made of cells](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649e1a5503460f94b07769/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Eukaryotic cellsEukaryotes are found in the kingdoms Protista,
Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.Cells are subdivided by internal membranes into compartments called organelles.The DNA is segregated inside a nucleus.They are ~1000 times bigger than prokaryotes.
![Page 40: Cellular Organization. Characteristics of life All organisms (uni- & multicellular) carry out the same functions of life: 1) All life is made of cells](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649e1a5503460f94b07769/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Unicelluler eukaryotes (protists)Single cells and colonies
Giardia (l) &Trichomonas
Diatoms (l)& Volvox
![Page 41: Cellular Organization. Characteristics of life All organisms (uni- & multicellular) carry out the same functions of life: 1) All life is made of cells](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649e1a5503460f94b07769/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Multicellular eukaryotes
Top left – human cheek cellsTop right – fungal cellsBottom – plant cells
![Page 42: Cellular Organization. Characteristics of life All organisms (uni- & multicellular) carry out the same functions of life: 1) All life is made of cells](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649e1a5503460f94b07769/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Eukaryotic cells
Unlike prokaryotes, eukaryotes have a nucleus and other organelles.
All cells have: cell membrane, cytoplasm, & ribosomes.
All cells have: cell membrane, cytoplasm, & ribosomes.
![Page 43: Cellular Organization. Characteristics of life All organisms (uni- & multicellular) carry out the same functions of life: 1) All life is made of cells](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649e1a5503460f94b07769/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Eukaryotic cells
A comparison of animal cells and plant cells
(Things in magenta areunique to that type of cell.)(Things in magenta areunique to that type of cell.)
AnimalAnimalcellcell
PlantPlantcellcell
![Page 44: Cellular Organization. Characteristics of life All organisms (uni- & multicellular) carry out the same functions of life: 1) All life is made of cells](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649e1a5503460f94b07769/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Eukaryotic cell
The cell membrane separates a living cell from its nonliving surroundings.
A mosaic of proteins in two layers of fatty material.8 nm thick; controls traffic into and out of the cell.Selectively permeable: only certain substances pass.
![Page 45: Cellular Organization. Characteristics of life All organisms (uni- & multicellular) carry out the same functions of life: 1) All life is made of cells](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649e1a5503460f94b07769/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Eukaryotic cells
The cytoplasm is everything inside the cell membrane
The cytosol is the watery solution alone.
Cytoplasm
![Page 46: Cellular Organization. Characteristics of life All organisms (uni- & multicellular) carry out the same functions of life: 1) All life is made of cells](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649e1a5503460f94b07769/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Eukaryotic cell
The nucleus contains most of the genes in a eukaryotic cell (some are located
in mitochondria and chloroplasts).
Control center for the cell.The nucleolus man-
ufactures parts to make ribosomes.
Nuclear pores allowmaterials to exit.
![Page 47: Cellular Organization. Characteristics of life All organisms (uni- & multicellular) carry out the same functions of life: 1) All life is made of cells](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649e1a5503460f94b07769/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Eukaryotic cells
Ribosomes build a cell’s proteins.Ribosomes are made of RNA and protein.Cells that make more proteins have more ribosomes.
![Page 48: Cellular Organization. Characteristics of life All organisms (uni- & multicellular) carry out the same functions of life: 1) All life is made of cells](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649e1a5503460f94b07769/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Eukaryotic cells
Ribosomes build a cell’s proteins.Proteins form as the ribosome translates a piece of messenger RNA.
![Page 49: Cellular Organization. Characteristics of life All organisms (uni- & multicellular) carry out the same functions of life: 1) All life is made of cells](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649e1a5503460f94b07769/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Eukaryotic cells
The endoplasmic reticulum manufactures membranes and performs many other
biosynthetic functions.Continuous with the nuclear envelope.
Two regions:Smooth ER lacks ribo-somes; rich in enzymes
that synthesize lipids.Rough ER has ribosomes
attached to the outside.abundant in cells that secrete proteins.
![Page 50: Cellular Organization. Characteristics of life All organisms (uni- & multicellular) carry out the same functions of life: 1) All life is made of cells](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649e1a5503460f94b07769/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Eukaryotic cells
The Golgi apparatus finishes, sorts, and ships cell products.
Many vesicles from the ER travel to the Golgi apparatus for modifica-tion of their contents.The Golgi is a center of manufacturing, ware-housing, sorting, and shipping.The Golgi apparatus is extensive in cells spe-cialized for secretion.
![Page 51: Cellular Organization. Characteristics of life All organisms (uni- & multicellular) carry out the same functions of life: 1) All life is made of cells](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649e1a5503460f94b07769/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Eukaryotic cells
Lysosomes are digestive compartments in animal cells
A membrane-bound sac ofenzymes that digests large molecules.
The enzymes work best at pH 5.
Recycle protein, fat, poly-sacharide, nucleic acids.Rupturing lysosomes can autodigest a cell, called autophagy.
![Page 52: Cellular Organization. Characteristics of life All organisms (uni- & multicellular) carry out the same functions of life: 1) All life is made of cells](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649e1a5503460f94b07769/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Eukaryotic cells
Mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell.The number of mitochondria (100s or 1000s) is greater in cells with more metabolic activity.They have a smooth
outer membrane, and a highly folded
inner membrane with all of the
enzymes neededto make ATP.
Typically 1-10 μm.Contain DNA;
self-reproducing.
![Page 53: Cellular Organization. Characteristics of life All organisms (uni- & multicellular) carry out the same functions of life: 1) All life is made of cells](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649e1a5503460f94b07769/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Plant cells vs. animal cells
![Page 54: Cellular Organization. Characteristics of life All organisms (uni- & multicellular) carry out the same functions of life: 1) All life is made of cells](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649e1a5503460f94b07769/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Plant cells vs. animal cells
Differences between plant & animal cells:The plant cell wall.
Contains cellulose and other polysaccharides.A plant’s cell wall provides rigidity against water loss.
![Page 55: Cellular Organization. Characteristics of life All organisms (uni- & multicellular) carry out the same functions of life: 1) All life is made of cells](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649e1a5503460f94b07769/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Plant cells vs. animal cells
Differences between plant & animal cells:Chloroplasts contain the green pigment chlorophyll.
They have a double membrane system that contains the enzymes for photosynthesis.They can reproduce themselves by pinching in two.Measure ~2μm by ~5μm.
![Page 56: Cellular Organization. Characteristics of life All organisms (uni- & multicellular) carry out the same functions of life: 1) All life is made of cells](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649e1a5503460f94b07769/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Plant cells vs. animal cells
Differences between plant & animal cells:Vacuoles store water,
proteins, inorganic ions, metabolic by-
products, pigments, and
compounds that defend against her- bivores.
![Page 57: Cellular Organization. Characteristics of life All organisms (uni- & multicellular) carry out the same functions of life: 1) All life is made of cells](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649e1a5503460f94b07769/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Plant cells vs. animal cells
A final comparison of animal cells and plant cells
(Organelles in magenta areunique to that type of cell.)(Organelles in magenta areunique to that type of cell.)
AnimalAnimalcellcell
PlantPlantcellcell
![Page 58: Cellular Organization. Characteristics of life All organisms (uni- & multicellular) carry out the same functions of life: 1) All life is made of cells](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081513/56649e1a5503460f94b07769/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Definition of a cellSo what is a cell?
Cells are the smallest unit of life, containing a membrane that encloses cytoplasm with DNA and all the machinery for reproduction, metabolism, heredity, homeostasis, response to stimuli, and the ability to evolve.