CELLULAR RESPIRATION

AEROBICWith Air (oxygen) in the presence of oxygen

not 100% efficient: ATP produced (40%), energy is lost in heat (60%)

- used to keep body temp up- kept there by insulation (fat, skin, fur/hair

etc)36 ATP produced (38 in liver, heart and kidneys)

more efficient energy transfer

ANAEROBIC

Without Air (Oxygen) not in the presence of oxygen

Occurs in cytosol

2 ATP produced (far less efficient)

production of lactic acid

less efficient energy transfer

FASTER!

Lactate can be broken down by repaying the bodies oxygen debt

GLYCOLISIS = glucose break down into 2 pyruvates (3C) occurs inside a cytoplasm specific enzymes catalyse each step vitamins act as coenzymes for many reactions

Glucose=> 2x pyruvate (see diagram) 6C 3C energy is released, some is used to make net 2ATP

hydrogen ions (H+) are removed (from the glucose molecule), they and their electrons are collected by acceptor molecules (e.g. NAD)

makes a loaded acceptor (2 NADH)

2 ATPs

KREBS CYCLE (CITRIC ACID CYCLE)

=Pyruvate to carbon dioxide Occurs in Mitochondrial matrix Pyruvate leaves cytosol & enters mitochondria

1 (3C) Pyruvate --> 3CO2

(--> Acetyl Coenzyme A) 2C

Acceptor molecules collect Hydrogen atoms 4 x NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) 1 x FADH2 (flavine adenine dinucleotide)

2 ATPs

ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN & PHOSPHORYLATION

Accounts for almost 90% of ATP generated

Occurs in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion (membrane of cristae)

e- are transferred from one cytochrome to another, finally excepted by oxygen to form H2O

e- transport releases energy (2 e- ->2-3 ATPs)

Phosphorylation =adding a phosphate ADP +P -> ATP

34 ATPs

AEROBIC RESPIRATION OVERALL

One molecule of glucose ---> 36 molecules of ATP

The heart, liver and kidney ---> 38 molecules of ATP

Glycolysis is the only stage that can occur without oxygen - thus 2ATP are produced in anaerobic respiration.

The Kreb's cycle will not occur unless oxygen is present

Oxygen is needed as part of the ETC

ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION (HUMAN)

glucose -> 2 pyruvate -> lactic acid2 ATPs

ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION (FERMENTATION)

glucose -> 2 pyruvate ->2 ethanol

CO2

2 ATPs