cellular respiration
TRANSCRIPT
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Cellular Respiration!
What’s the
point?
TO MAKE ATP!!
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Energy! Forms of energy include chemical, radiant (heat
and light), mechanical and electrical
Chemical energy is contained in the chemical bonds of molecules
Radiant energy travels in waves (ex: visible light)
Energy can be transferred from one form to another
Law of Thermodynamics Energy cannot be created or destroyed - can be
converted from one form to another Usable energy is lost during transformations
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Composed of adenine base, ribose sugar, and 3 phosphate groups (PO4)
Phosphorylation – the addition of a phosphate group
Substrate-level phosphorylation – enzymes help break and down and convert those high energy PO4 bonds
When the bond is broken it releases energy, a phosphate group and ADP
ATP!!
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Enzymes in Metabolic Pathways!
Biological catalysts
Speeds up chemical reactions
Weakens existing bonds in substrates which lowers the amount of activation energy needed
NADH – a second energy carrying molecule in mitochondria and produces 3 ATP
FADH2 – a third energy carrying molecule in the mitochondria and produces 2 ATP
I ♥ NADH!
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Mitochondria!
Has a smooth, outer membrane and a folded inner membrane
Cristae – folds of inner membrane – electron transport chain occurs here
Matrix – space inside cristae and contains DNA and ribosomes – Krebs cycle takes place here
Site of aerobic respiration
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Cellular Respiration Overview!
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O (heat and ATP)
Controlled release of energy from organic molecules
Glucose is oxidized (loses e-) and oxygen is reduced (gains e-)
Carbon atoms of glucose is released as CO2
One glucose molecule generates 36 ATP
3 steps Glycolysis Kreb’s Cycle Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
Glucose rhymes with
lumos!
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Glycolysis! Occurs in cytoplasm
Summary of steps 2 ATP added to glucose (6C) to energize it Glucose splits into two PGAL (3C) H+ and e- is removed from each PGAL and given to
make 2 NADH NADH – energy and electron carrier Each PGAL is rearranged into pyruvate (3C) with
energy and transferred to make 4 ATP Creates 4 ATP but glycolysis requires 2 ATP so the
net product is 2 ATP If oxygen is available then the pyruvate will move
to the mitochondria and being aerobic respiration
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Glycolysis (cont.)
If no oxygen is available (anaerobic) the pyruvate will be fermented by the addition of 2 H from the NADH, which changes it to NAD+ and keeps glycolysis going
Net yield of Glycolysis 4 NADH2
2 CO2
2 ATP
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Kreb’s Cycle! AKA Citric Acid cycle
Requires 2 cycles to metabolize glucose
Acetyl Co-A (2C) enters the Kreb’s cycle and combines with oxaloacetic acid (4C) to make citric acid (6C)
Citric acid is oxidized releasing CO2, free H+, and e- forming ketoglutaric acid (5C)
Free e- reduce NAD+ to NADH2 and FAD+ to FADH2
Ketoglutaric acid is also oxidized releasing more CO2, free H+, and e-
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Kreb’s Cycle (cont.) The cycle continues oxidizing the carbon compounds
producing more CO2, NADH2, FADH2, and ATP
H2O is added to supply more H+
CO2 is a waste product and leaves the cell
Oxaloacetic acid is regenerated to start the cycle again
NADH2 and FADH2 migrate to the ETC
Net yield from Kreb’s Cycle (2 turns) 6 NADH2
2 FADH2
4 CO2
2 ATP
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Electron Transport Chain!
Found in the cristae
Contains 4 protein-based complexes that works in sequence moving H+ from the matrix across the inner membrane (proton pumps)
A concentration gradient of H+ between the inner and outer membrane occurs
H+ concentration gradient causes the synthesis of ATP by chemiosmosis
Energized e- and H+ from 10 NADH2 and 2 FADH2 are transferred to O2 to produce H2O