cellular respiration
DESCRIPTION
Cellular Respiration. KEY WORDS: Oxidation Reduction NAD/ NADH FAD/ FADH 2 Cellular respiration Glycolysis Kreb’s cycle Electron transport chain ATP synthase. Food is used to energize ATP. Electrons transfer energy to Energize ATP. REDOX REACTIONS Oxidation = Losing electrons - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Cellular Respiration
KEY WORDS:OxidationReductionNAD/ NADHFAD/ FADH2
Cellular respirationGlycolysisKreb’s cycleElectron transport chainATP synthase
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Food is used to energize ATP
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Electrons transfer energy toEnergize ATP
REDOX REACTIONS
Oxidation = Losing electrons
Reduction = Gaining electrons
TIP: OIL RIG
Gradual transfer of electrons provides most energy (ATP) from food
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Main Players: Making ATPFood used to make ATP and NADH & FADH2
Electrons provide energy to pump H+ across inner mitochondrial membrane
NAD+/H carry electrons FAD/H2 carry electrons
H+ provide energy for synthesis of ATP
O2 final electron acceptor in ETC
Cytosol location of glycolysis Mitochondria location of Kreb’s cycle & ETC
ATP Synthase brings together ADP and P to make ATP
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Obtaining Energy from Food
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
• Organisms extract energy from food over several steps in small “bite sized” pieces
C6H12O6+ 6O2
Energy Energy Energy
6CO2+6H2O
ATP
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CellularRespiration
Occurs in 3 stages:
1.Glycolysis2.Kreb’s cycle3.ETC
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1. Glycolysis•Takes place in the cytoplasm
NAD+
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A closer look at glycolysis: energy investment phase (Layer 1)
Good News! You don’t need to know the steps of glycolysis!
You need to know what goes in and what comes out
But here are the steps, FYI…
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A closer look at glycolysis: energy investment phase (Layer 2)
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A closer look at glycolysis: energy payoff phase (Layer 3)
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A closer look at glycolysis: energy payoff phase (Layer 4)
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What’s Happened so far?Glycolysis
O2
Used?
Glucose C now Product:
ATP
#
NADH
#
Glycolysis
glucose
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What’s Happened so far?Glycolysis
O2
Used?
Glucose C now Product:
ATP
#
NADH
#
Glycolysis No Pyruvate 2 2
pyruvate
pyruvate
glucose
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Electron carriers
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Some energy captured as electrons
•Energy in food in form of high energy electrons•Electrons captured when food is broken down
•Held by electron carriers•NADH, FADH
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NAD+ as an electron shuttle
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Pyruvate as a key juncture in catabolism
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After Glycolysis•Pyruvic Acid shipped into mitochondria•One carbon is removed as CO2
•Attach Coenzyme-A Acetyl-Co-A
•Make one NADH for each pyruvic acid
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2. Krebs Cycle
•Remaining two carbons removed as CO2
•For each Acetyl-Co-A:
Make •1 ATP•3 NADH•1 FADH2
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A closer look at the Krebs cycle (Layer 1)
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A closer look at the Krebs cycle (Layer 2)
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A closer look at the Krebs cycle (Layer 3)
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A closer look at the Krebs cycle (Layer 4)
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This is what you need to know
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What’s Happened so far?Krebs Cycle
Original C of glucose are
now
ATP NADH FADH2
Glycolysis 2 pyruvate 2 2
Acetyl CoA formation
2 CO2
& 2 acetyl CoA
2
Krebs Cycle
Total
glucose
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What’s Happened so far?Krebs Cycle
Original C of glucose are
now
ATP NADH FADH2
Glycolysis 2 pyruvate 2 2
Acetyl CoA formation
2 CO2
& 2 acetyl CoA
2
Krebs Cycle 4 more CO2 2 6 2
Total 6 CO2 4 10 2
glucose
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3. Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
•Electrons give up energy as passed along
•Electrons are passed between several molecules
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What is oxygen for?
Receives electrons at the end of the ETC
With H+, forms water
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ATP synthase
•Works like hydro-electric dam
•Large concentration gradient of H+ builds up across the mitochondrial membrane
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*H+ is pumped against its gradient into the mitochondrial matrix.*Energy for active transport comes from electrons
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Harnessing energy in small steps allows the cell to get more energy that can be used to do work
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Free energy of electrons decreases as they are
passed through the ETC
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Chemiosmosis couples the electron transport chain to ATP synthesis
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ATP synthase, a molecular mill
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1. Enzymes2. ATP3. NAD+
4. vitamins5. proteins
You need energy to think, to keep your heart beating, to play a sport, and to study this book. This energy is directly supplied by _____, which is (are) produced in the process of cellular respiration.
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1. transported ... becoming more energetic2. digested ... becoming more energetic3. reduced ... losing electrons to it4. oxidized ... losing electrons to it5. oxidized ... gaining electrons from it
Energy transfer in living things works through redox reactions, in which one substance is _____ by another substance, thereby _____.
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1. glycolysis ... the Krebs cycle ... yield of electrons transported to the ETC
2. glycolysis ... the ETC ... yield of electrons transported to the cytosol
3. Redox reactions ... fatty acid breakdown ... yield of calories
4. The Krebs cycle ... the ETC ... numerous redox reactions
5. The Krebs cycle ... the ETC ... fatty-acid breakdown
_____ and _____ are important not so much for the ATP produced in them, but for their _____.
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1. 22. 83. 244. 365. 75
At most, how many molecules of ATP can be produced per glucose molecule in cellular respiration?
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1. both atmospheric nitrogen and the oxygen for energy transformation
2. oxygen to donate electrons to3. nitrogen to donate phosphate groups to oxygen4. oxygen to act as the final acceptor of electrons in the
ETC5. oxygen to donate phosphate groups to ADP, making it
ATP
We need to breathe because we need
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Anaerobic Respiration
Fermentation•live off glycolysis alone
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Alcoholic Fermentation
Pyruvate + NADH
Ethanol + CO2 + NAD+
Vinegar
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Lactic Acid Fermentation
Pyruvate + NADH
Lactic Acid + NAD+
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Fermentation allows the cycle of glycolysis to continue by regenerating NAD+
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Fermentation
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An overview of cellular respiration (Layer 1)
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An overview of cellular respiration (Layer 2)
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Substrate-level phosphorylation
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An overview of cellular respiration (Layer 3)
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Max of 36 ATP per Glucose
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What is all of the ATP used for?