cellular respiration chemical pathways
TRANSCRIPT
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CELLULAR RESPIRATIONChemical Pathways
http://www.clickatutor.com/mitochondria.jpg
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___________ use energy from sunlight or chemicals to make their own food
AUTOTROPHShttp://www.inclusive.co.uk/downloads/images/pics2/tree.gif
In the last section green plants used ________________ totrap energy from __________ and make ______________
sunlightfood (glucose)
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
http://206.173.89.42/REALTYWITHALOHA_COM/piphoto/funny%20sun%20with%20sunglasses.gif
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In this section, we will learn how this glucose is ____________ by organisms and the _______ is stored as _______ in a process called___________________
What kind of organisms do this?
energybroken down
ATP
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
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________(Including _______)
ALL LIVING THINGS NEED ENERGY!
What kind of organisms do this?
plants fungi bacteria__________________ animalshumans
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We get the energy the plants stored as glucose by _____________ directly or eating the _________ that ate the plants.
How do we get the sugar from the plants?
Image from: http://ag.ansc.purdue.edu/sheep/ansc442/Semprojs/2003/spiderlamb/eatsheep.gif http://www.cibike.org/Eating.htm
REMEMBER!
_______________ get their energy by eating other organisms.
HETEROTROPHS
eating plantsanimals
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We get our energy from the __________ plants made during _______________ when we eat plants or eat animals that ate the plants.
GLUCOSE
In this section we will learn how ______________
get their energy by consuming other
organisms.
Image from: http://ag.ansc.purdue.edu/sheep/ansc442/Semprojs/2003/spiderlamb/eatsheep.gif
HETEROTROPHS
http://www.cibike.org/Eating.htm
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
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REMEMBER CELL BIO??
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Area with gel-like material
inside cell membrane
surrounding mitochondria
= ______________________
Power plant of cell
that burns glucose
and stores the energy
as ATP
= _______________mitochondria
CYTOPLASM
Image from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/cytoplasm.html
http://www.clickatutor.com/mitochondria.jpg
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MITOCHONDRIA = cell power plantSurrounded by ___________ membrane
Outer membrane & Inner membrane (called
_______________ )
Space between inner membrane & outer membrane
= ____________________
Space inside cristae folds= _________________
INTERMEMBRANE SPACE
DOUBLE
MATRIX
CRISTAE
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Cellular Respiration
• Is an aerobic process—requires oxygen
• Takes place in the mitochondria
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Heterotrophs use ________________to release energy from FOOD (glucose) to make _____
Image by Riedell Image from: http://www.biologyclass.net/mitochondria.jpe
ATP
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
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CELLULAR RESPIRATION happens __________ in ________________.
If all the energy was released in one step… most would be lost as ____________________!
http://plato.acadiau.ca/COURSES/comm/g5/Fire_Animation.gif
slowly many steps
light and heat
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PHOTOSYNTHESIS
___________ + _________ + ___________ →_______________ + __________6 CO2 6 H2O C6H12O6 6O2
_____________ + _________ →________ + __________ + __________
______________________________________________________________
CELLULAR RESPIRATIONC6H12O6 6O2
6 CO2 6 H2O
The two equations are exact opposites!
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Cellular Respiration
• Mitochondria cannot directly produce ATP
• First…foods are broken down into small products (GLUCOSE)
• Glucose is broken down by a process known as glycolysis
→
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See glycolysis movie
The first step in cellular respiration = __________________•happens in the ________________outside the mitochondria•does not need oxygen (anaerobic)•Splits glucose into two three-carbon molecules•Net Gain: 2 ATP molecules
GLYCOLYSISCYTOPLASM
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Glycolysis (GLYKOS = ________ LYSIS= ___________ )
Glycolysis ____________________________BUT it needs some ____________to get it started.
What molecule do you think is going tosupply the energy do this?
split apart
DOES NOT REQUIRE OXYGEN
ATP
sweet
ENERGY
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________
↓___________ → → _____________
↓
____________________ + _______________
GLUCOSE
2 PYRUVIC ACID
PUT IN ________ and GET BACK __________ Net gain of ________ and __________
2 ATP’s 4 ATP’s
GLYCOLYSIS
2 ATP’s 2 NADH
ATP ATP ATP ATP NADH NADH
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Glycolysis is needed for cellular respiration.
– two ATP molecules are used to split glucose– four ATP molecules are produced (NET GAIN OF 2
ATP)– two molecules of NADH produced– two molecules of pyruvate produced
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• The products of glycolysis enter cellular respiration when oxygen is available.
• The two, three carbon molecules leaving glycolysis will enter the mitochondria
• Cellular Respiration occurs in two stages– 1. Krebs Cycle– 2. Electron Transport Chain
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Stage 1: Krebs Cycle
• Takes place in mitochondrial matrix• Breaks down the three-carbon
molecules that came from glycolysis• makes a small amount of ATP• Releases Carbon Dioxide• Transfers electron-carrying
molecules (NADH & FADH2) to stage 2 (the electron transport chain)
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The Krebs cycle is the first main part of cellular respiration.
• Pyruvate is broken down before the Krebs cycle.– carbon dioxide
released– NADH produced– coenzyme A (CoA)
bonds to two-carbon molecule
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The Krebs cycle produces energy-carrying molecules.
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The Krebs cycle produces energy-carrying molecules.
– NADH and FADH2 are made– intermediate molecule with
CoA enters Krebs cycle– citric acid
(six-carbon molecule)is formed
– citric acid is broken down,carbon dioxide is released,and NADH is made
– five-carbon molecule is broken down, carbon dioxide is released, NADH and ATP are made
– four-carbon molecule is rearranged
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Products of Krebs Cycle
• Breaking down one molecule of pyruvate:– Carbon Dioxide (3)– ATP (1)– NADH (4)
– FADH2 (1)
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Stage 2: Electron Transport Chain
• Produces a large amount of ATP• Takes place in inner membrane of
mitochondria• Oxygen enters the process• ATP produced• Water released as a waste product
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The electron transport chain is the second main part of cellular respiration.• The electron transport chain uses NADH and
FADH2 to make ATP.
– high-energy electrons enter electron transport chain– energy is used to transport hydrogen ions across
the inner membrane– hydrogen ions
flow through achannel in themembrane
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Electron Transport Chain
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The electron transport chain is the second main part of cellular respiration.
– ATP synthase produces ATP– oxygen picks up electrons and hydrogen ions– water is released as a waste product
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ATP Production• Approximately 38 ATP molecules are
produced when one glucose molecule is broken down.– 2 from glycolysis– 36 from cellular respiration
• 2 from Krebs Cycle• 34 from ETC
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Cellular Respiration
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Cellular Respiration
6H O2
6CO 2
6O 2
mitochondrionmitochondrion
matrix (area enclosedby inner membrane)
inner membrane
ATP
ATP
energy
energy from glycolysis
1
2
4
3
and
and
and
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PYRUVIC ACID MOVES TO NEXT STEP
IF THERE IS NO OXYGEN (______________)
IF THERE IS OXYGEN (_____________)
= ANAEROBIC
= AEROBIC
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PYRUVIC ACID ___________ OXYGEN
2 kinds of fermentation
___________________ & _____________________
ANAEROBIC
Alcoholic Lactic acid
WITHOUT
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_______ +_____ →__________ + ______ + _____
ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION
PYRUVIC ACID
ALCOHOL
Happens when yeast makes bread dough riseCO2 bubbles make _____________ in bread
Alcohol _______________ during cooking
CO2 NAD+
http://www.deliciousdelicious.com/archives/herb%20bread%201.jpg
air spaces
evaporates
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_______ +_____ →__________ + ______ + _____
ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION
PYRUVIC ACID
ALCOHOL
Happens when___________ make _______
or
____________ make ______
CO2 NAD+
http://www.firstpath.com/images/alcohol.jpg
yeast beer
bacteria wine
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_______ +_____ →______________ + ________
LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION
PYRUVIC ACID
LACTIC ACID
Happens in _____________ during ____________when body can’t get oxygen to tissues fast enough.
Lactic acid builds up in muscles causing soreness
NAD+
http://www.miranda.com/library.en/Images/Pictures/girls-runners.jpg
exercise
muscles
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_______ +_____ →______________ + ________
LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION
PYRUVIC ACID
LACTIC ACID
Happens when bacteria are used to make foods and beverages like: ______________________________________________________________________________
NAD+
http://chronicle.augusta.com/images/headlines/032200/DANNON_YOGURT.jpghttp://www.reillydairy.com/natural_cheese.html
yogurt, cheese, buttermilk, & sour cream, pickles, saurkraut, and kimchi
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WITHOUT OXYGEN, PYRUVIC ACID ___________ and all the _______ carriers get full.
Eventually glycolysis will
WHY DO FERMENTATION?WHY NOT JUST KEEP MAKING ATP USING GLYCOLYSIS?
builds up
NAD+
NAD+
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_______ +_____ →__________ + ______ + _____
FERMENTATION HAPPENS so cells can ____________________ needed to keep glycolysis going
PYRUVIC ACID
ALCOHOL
→
CO2 NAD+
REGENERATE the NAD+
LACTIC ACID NAD+
→
You get the NAD+ carriers back
______
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Flooded Corn Field
plants need ______________________ too. If plants seeds are under water 3 days or more, the seeds will die. If a plants roots are under water for 3 days or more, the plants will die.
By:http://skyways.lib.ks.us/towns/ElkCity/2007flood.html
Plants do
____________
but
photosynthesis
oxygen for cellular respiration