cellular response to injury, acute inflammation,healing and jeganathan
TRANSCRIPT
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CELLULAR RESPONSE TO INJURY, ACUTE INFLAMMATION,HEALING AND REPAIR,CHRONIC INFLAMMATION
BY;JEGANATHAN.C2ND YEAR M.SCDEPT. OF BIOMEDICAL SCIENCE
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CELL INJURY
● Cells actively control the composition of their immediate environment and intracellular milieu within a narrow range of physiological parameters(homeostasis)
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CELL INJURY
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Mechanisms of Cell Injury
● Depletion of ATP● Mitochondrial Damage● Influx of Intracellular Calcium and Loss of Calcium
Homeostasis● Accumulation of Oxygen-Derived free radical
(Oxidative stress)● Defects in Membrane Permeability
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Morphology of Cell Injury and Necrosis
● Cell Injury – Reversible● – Irreversible
● Cell Death – Necrosis● – Apoptosis
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Cell Injury and Death
● Reversible Injuryo Cell swelling develops when cells are incapable of fluid an
ion homeostasis (↓ed function of ATP dependant pumps).o Fatty change the accumulation of lipid vacuoles in the
cytoplasm.● Irreversible injury (Necrosis)o Two basic processes underlie the morphologic changes of
necrosis▪ Denaturation of protein▪ Enzymatic digestion of cell components
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Reversible vs irreversible cell injury
● Reversible injury● * Decreased ATP levels● * Ion imbalance● * Swelling
● Decreased pH● Fatty change (liver)
Irreversible injury* Amorphous densities in mitochondria* Severe membrane damage* Lysosomal rupture• Extensive DNA
damage
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Morphology of Cell Injury
● Plasma membrane alteration● Mitochondrial Changes● Dilation of Endoplasmic reticulum● Nuclear Alteration
Reversible Injury
Cellular swellingFatty change
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HEALING AND REPAIR
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REPAIR
● Process by which the cells in the body regenerate and repair to reduce the size of the damage or necrotic area and replace it with new loiving tissue.
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PROCESS
● Recall phase
● Resolution phase
● Regeneration phase
● Repair phase
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Soft Tissue Healing
● Inflammatory Phase (0-6 days)
● Proliferation Phase (3-21 days)
● Regeneration and Maturation Phase (up to 1+ year)
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Skin Tissue
● Epidermis
● Dermis
● Subcutaneous Layer
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Skin Injury Classification
● Abrasions
● Blisters
● Skin Bruises
● Incisions
● Lacerations
● Avulsions
● Punctures
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Muscles
● Epimysium
● Perimysium
● Endomysium
● Fasciculus
● Muscle Fibers
● Myofibrils
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Bones
● Calcium Carbonate
● Calcium Phosphate
● Collagen
● Water
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Bone Injury Classification
● Fractures
● Closed
● Compounded
● Transverse
● Comminuted
● Oblique
● Epiphyseal
● Spiral
● Greenstick
● Avulsion
● Impacted
● Depressed
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Nerves
● Afferent Nerves (Affectors)
● Efferent Nerves (Effectors)
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Nerve Injury Classification
● Tensile forces cause stretching of the nerve fibers.
● Grade I: Neurapraxia: temporary loss of sensation and/or motor function.
● Grade II: Axonotmesis: significant motor and mild sensory losses.
● Grade III: Neurotmesis: motor and sensory losses persisting for up to one year.
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Acute & Chronic
Inflammation
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INFLAMMATION
Inflammation:Inflammation is the reaction of blood vessels, leading to the accumulation
of fluid (Serum) and leukocytes in extra vascular tissue.
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Role of tissue and cells in inflammation
The circulating cells are:
● Neutrophils.
● Monocytes.
● Eosinophils.
● Lymphocytes.
● Basophils.
● Platelets.
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Sign & Symptoms Of InflammationThese are:
● Fever (increase temperature).
● Pain.
● Tissue damage.
● Swelling of tissue.
● Redness of tissue.
● Loss of movements or restricted movement, if near joints.
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Types Of Inflammation
Inflammation is divided into
I - Acute inflammation, which occurs over seconds, minutes, hours, and days.
II - Chronic inflammation, which occurs over longer times, days & months.
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Acute Inflammation
● Acute inflammation, begins within seconds to minutes following the injury of tissues.
● The damage may be purely physical, or it may involve the activation of an immune response.
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Chronic Inflammation
Chronic inflammation is of longer duration and is associated histologically with the presence of:
● Lymphocytes and macrophages.
● The proliferation of blood vessels.
● Fibrosis and tissue necrosis.
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Response Of Inflammation
The main processes are:
I - Increased blood flow.
II - Increased permeability.
III - Migration of neutrophils.
IV - Chemotaxis.
V - Leucocytes recruitment & activation.
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Response of Acute Inflammation
● Increased Blood Flow, increased permeability and Edema in Inflammation:
● The increased blood flow & increased permeability are readily visible within a few minutes following a scratch that does not break the skin.
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Response of Acute Inflammation
● At first, there is pale red line of scratch.
● Later on there is accumulation of inflammatory cells lead swelling, (inflammation).
● Finally, there is accumulation of interstitial fluid cause edema.
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Acute Inflammation
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Acute Inflammation(Acute Bronchitis)
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Chronic inflammation
● It is the inflammation of prolong duration (weeks or months).
● It is occurred as:
● Following acute inflammation.
● Occurs, incidentally as active inflammation.
● With tissue destruction.
With repair process.
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Chronic Inflammation(Chronic Bronchitis)
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Chronic Bronchitis
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Causes of Chronic inflammation
I - Persistent infection:
● Bacteria.
● Viruses.
● Fungi.
● Parasites
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Chronic Inflammation
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Causes of Chronic inflammation
II - Prolonged exposure to potentially toxic agents:
● Endogenous, (atherosclerosis).
● Exogenous, ( particulate silica-Silicosis).
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Causes of Chronic inflammation
III - Autoimmunity:
Occurs in:
● Rheumatoid arthritis.
● Lupus erythmatosus.
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Chronic Inflammation(Rheumatoid arthritis)
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