Cellular Transport Cellular Transport and the and the

Cell CycleCell Cycle

Section 8.1Section 8.2Section 8.3

Chapter 8Chapter 8

Cellular TransportCellular TransportSection 8.1Section 8.1

Movements across the Movements across the plasma membrane can be plasma membrane can be divided into two groups!divided into two groups!

•Passive TransportPassive Transport

•Active TransportActive Transport

PassivePassive - always high to - always high to low conc. low conc.- does not require - does not require energy energy

1. Diffusion 1. Diffusion (simple)(simple)2. Osmosis2. Osmosis3. Facilitated 3. Facilitated diffusiondiffusion

ActiveActive- always low - always low to to high conc. high conc.- NEEDS - NEEDS energy energy

1. Endocytosis1. Endocytosis2. Exocytosis2. Exocytosis

•Diffusion- movement of particles Diffusion- movement of particles from an area of higher from an area of higher concentration (more particles) to concentration (more particles) to an area of lower concentration an area of lower concentration (less particles) until an equal (less particles) until an equal concentration is metconcentration is met

1. Simple Diffusion1. Simple Diffusion• Diffusion of particles by Diffusion of particles by

using using channel proteinschannel proteins• Does not require energyDoes not require energy• Movement of small molecules Movement of small molecules

like COlike CO22 and O and O22

Visit www.unitedstreaming.com and search for the video titled Cells the Building Blocks of Life and view the segment called Cell Membrane: Diffusion

2. Facilitated diffusion – 2. Facilitated diffusion – passive transport of material passive transport of material across the plasma membrane across the plasma membrane with the aid of transport with the aid of transport proteinsproteins

• Diffusion with the help of carrier proteins• Movement of large molecules like glucose

3. Osmosis 3. Osmosis – diffusion of water – diffusion of water across a selective permeable across a selective permeable membranemembrane

What’s going to happen in this picture? (Blue in water and Green in salt)

http://www.biologycorner.com/resources/osmosis.jpg

Water is always trying to reach an equal concentration between

a cell and its environment

http://www.biologycorner.com/resources/osmosis.jpg

•Osmosis – diffusion of water across a selective permeable Osmosis – diffusion of water across a selective permeable membranemembrane

http://www.biologycorner.com/resources/osmosis.jpg

One factor that controls One factor that controls osmosis is a concentration osmosis is a concentration gradient.gradient.•Concentration Gradient – an Concentration Gradient – an

unequal distribution of unequal distribution of particles particles

•The greater the concentration The greater the concentration gradient, the more likely gradient, the more likely osmosis will occurosmosis will occur

Three types of solutions:Three types of solutions:

1.1. Isotonic solutionIsotonic solution – the – the concentration of dissolved concentration of dissolved particles in theparticles in the solutionsolution is the is the same same as the number of as the number of dissolved particles in thedissolved particles in the cellcell-“ -“ IsoIso” – means ” – means samesame, like , like an isosceles triangle (two an isosceles triangle (two sides are the same length)sides are the same length)

2. 2. Hypotonic solutionHypotonic solution – the – the concentration of dissolved concentration of dissolved particles in the particles in the solution is solution is lessless thanthan the number of the number of dissolved particles in the dissolved particles in the cellcell- “- “hypohypo” means ” means lowlow, as in , as in hypoglycemia (low blood hypoglycemia (low blood sugar)sugar)

33. Hypertonic solution – the . Hypertonic solution – the concentration of dissolved concentration of dissolved particles in the particles in the solution is solution is more thanmore than the number of the number of dissolved particles dissolved particles in the in the cellcell- “- “hyperhyper” means ” means highhigh, as in , as in hyperactive (over excited)hyperactive (over excited)

What’s important about What’s important about osmosis?osmosis?

How does it affect our How does it affect our cells?cells?• Our cells holds 0.9% salt, NO MORE Our cells holds 0.9% salt, NO MORE

NO LESSNO LESS• Any solution that is = 0.9% is an Any solution that is = 0.9% is an

isotonic solution to our cellsisotonic solution to our cells• Any solution that is > 0.9% is a Any solution that is > 0.9% is a

hypertonic solution to our cellshypertonic solution to our cells• Any solution that is < 0.9% is a Any solution that is < 0.9% is a

hypotonic solution to our cellshypotonic solution to our cells

A simple rule to remember is:A simple rule to remember is:SALT SUCKSSALT SUCKS

•Salt is a solute, when it is Salt is a solute, when it is concentrated inside or concentrated inside or outside the cell, it will draw outside the cell, it will draw the water in its direction. This the water in its direction. This is also why you get thirsty is also why you get thirsty after eating something salty.after eating something salty.

www.esu7.org/~lweb/Lakeview/science/sea.htm

PassivePassive - always high to - always high to low conc. low conc.- does not require - does not require energy energy

1. Diffusion (simple)1. Diffusion (simple)2. Osmosis2. Osmosis3. Facilitated diffusion3. Facilitated diffusion

ActiveActive- always low - always low to to high conc. high conc.- NEEDS - NEEDS energy energy - NOT - NOT diffusiondiffusion

1. Endocytosis1. Endocytosis2. Exocytosis2. Exocytosis

Visit www.unitedstreaming.com and search for the video titled Cells the Building Blocks of Life and view the segment called Cell Membrane: Active Transport

1. Endocytosis 1. Endocytosis – process by – process by which a cell surrounds (with which a cell surrounds (with vacuole) and takes in large vacuole) and takes in large molecules or groups of molecules or groups of moleculesmolecules

•ENDO – means “in” to the cellENDO – means “in” to the cell

2. Exocytosis2. Exocytosis – process in – process in which a cell expulses or which a cell expulses or secretes materials from cellsecretes materials from cell•Exo – means “exit” or excreteExo – means “exit” or excrete•Used when cells need to Used when cells need to

expel wastesexpel wastes•Used when cell need to Used when cell need to

secrete hormonessecrete hormones

http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/library/biology107/bi107vc/fa99/terry/images/ExocyAnA.gif

Cell Growth and ReproductionCell Growth and Reproduction

Section 8.2Section 8.2

The Cell Cycle- sequence of growth (interphase) and division (mitosis) of one cell

http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/cellcycle.gif

MITOSISThe process in which cells divide

and create two daughter cells with the same genetic material as the

parent cell

Phases of Mitosis:

1. Prophase 2. Metaphase3. Anaphase 4. Telophase

1. PROPHASE

Longest phase Sister chromatids

appear and are held together by a centromere

http://www.fatherryan.org/academic/schmidtl/BioIchapt%208%20notes_files/image004.jpg

• Centrioles –located outside the nucleus

www.google.com/images

• Spindle fibers form

•Nucleus starts to disappear

www.google.com/images

www.google.com/images

Shortest phase Chromosomes

attach to spindle fibers by their centromere and line up in the middle

www.google.com/images

Sister chromatids are pulled apart

www.google.com/images

www.google.com/images

•Spindle begins to break down

• New nuclei begin to form

www.google.com/images

CYTOKINESIS End of telophase The division of

cytoplasm to form two new cells

www.google.com/images

Or

Tissues

Group of cells that begin to work together

http://washington.uwc.edu/about/faculty/schaefer_w/TISSUES/fibrous_connective_tissue_tendon.jpg

ORGAN

Group of tissues designed to perform a specific function

http://www.yankeetown.org/plangley/7.html

ORGAN SYSTEMS

Group of organs that work together

http://www.tqnyc.org/NYC063547/urinarysystem.html

Control of the Cell Control of the Cell CycleCycle

Section 8.3Section 8.3

I. Normal Control of the Cell I. Normal Control of the Cell CycleCycle

A. Enzymes Control the Cell CycleA. Enzymes Control the Cell Cycle1.1. Necessary to begin and drive the Necessary to begin and drive the

cell cycle, and control the cycle cell cycle, and control the cycle through it’s phasesthrough it’s phases

2.2. Uncontrolled dividing comes from Uncontrolled dividing comes from failure in the production enzymesfailure in the production enzymes

3.3. Cancer – one result of uncontrolled Cancer – one result of uncontrolled cell divisioncell division

4.4. Enzymes are directed by Enzymes are directed by genes located on the genes located on the chromosomeschromosomes

5.5. Gene – segment of DNA that Gene – segment of DNA that controls the production of a controls the production of a proteinprotein

6.6. Several enzymes trigger DNA Several enzymes trigger DNA replicationreplication

II. Cancer: II. Cancer: A Mistake in the Cell CycleA Mistake in the Cell Cycle Damaged genes are prompt

into action Tumors – mass of cancer

cells Metastasis – cancer cells can

be seen in the circulatory system (spreads the cancer)

Tumors can benign or Tumors can benign or malignant.malignant.

Metastasis = MalignantMetastasis = Malignant

http://blog.wired.com/photos/uncategorized/2007/05/22/metastasis.jpg

CancerCancer

22ndnd Leading Leading cause of cause of death in death in U.S.A.U.S.A.

Most Most prevalent – prevalent – lung, colon, lung, colon, breast and breast and prostateprostate

http://mbbnet.umn.edu/icons/cancercell.jpeg

A. Causes of CancerA. Causes of Cancer1.1. GeneticGenetic2.2. Environmental – cigarette Environmental – cigarette

smoke, air and water smoke, air and water pollution, UV radiationpollution, UV radiation

3.3. Viral infections that damage Viral infections that damage genesgenes

B. Cancer PreventionB. Cancer Prevention1.1. Healthy LifestyleHealthy Lifestyle a)a) Low fat dietsLow fat dietsb)b) High fiber diets (fruits, High fiber diets (fruits,

vegetables, and grain vegetables, and grain products)products)

c)c) Vitamins and Minerals Vitamins and Minerals (carontenoids, Vit A, C and E)(carontenoids, Vit A, C and E)

d)d) Daily exerciseDaily exercisee)e) Not using Tobacco ProductsNot using Tobacco Products