cellular transportation & respiration · 2017. 10. 27. · •photosynthesis uses co2 that is...
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Cellular Transportation
&
Respiration
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Passive Transport
• A cell membrane is
semiperamble, which means that
it allows only certain substances to
enter or leave a cell.
• Passive transport is the movement
of substances through a cell
membrane without using the cell’s
energy.
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Diffusion
• Diffusion is the movement of
substances from an area of
higher concentration to an area
of lower concentration.
• Usually diffusion continues
through a membrane until the
concentration of a substance is
the same on both sides of the
membrane.
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Osmosis
• Osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules only through a cell membrane.
• If the concentration of water in the air surrounding a plant is less than the concentration of water inside the plant’s vacuoles, water will diffuse into the air until the concentration of water is equal.
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• Facilitated diffusion occurs when
molecules pass through a cell membrane
using special proteins
called transport proteins.
• Carrier proteins are transport proteins
that carry large molecules through the
cell membrane.
• Channel proteins are transport
proteins that form pores through the
cell membrane.
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Active Transport
• Active transport uses the cell’s
energy to move substances
through a cell membrane.
• Active transport moves
substances from areas of
lower concentration to areas
of higher concentration.
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Active Transport
• A cell uses endocytosis to take in a
substance too big to pass through
the cell membrane.
• A cell’s vesicles release their
contents outside the cell during
exocytosis.
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Cell Size and Transport
• For a cell to survive, its surface area
must be large compared to its
volume.
• As a cell grows, its volume
increases faster than its surface
area.
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diffusion osmosis
Facilitated
diffusion
endocytosis exocytosis
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Cellular Respiration
• All living things need energy to
survive.
• Cellular Respiration is the process
in which organisms break down
food to release energy.
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Cellular Respiration
• The first step of cellular respiration,
called glycolysis, occurs in the
cytoplasm of all cells.
• During glycolysis glucose, a sugar, is
broken into smaller molecules.
• The second step of cellular
respiration occurs in the
mitochondria of eukaryotic cells.
This step requires oxygen.
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Cellular Respiration
• During the 2nd step of cellular respiration, the smaller molecules made during glycolysis are broken down. Large amounts of usable energy, called ATP, are produced.
• Water and carbon dioxide (CO2) are two waste products that are given off during the 2nd step of cellular respiration.
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Fermentation
• Fermentation is the process that
releases energy without using oxygen.
• Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells use
fermentation to obtain energy from
food when oxygen levels are low.
• Fermentation occurs in the a cell’s
cytoplasm.
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Fermentation
• Lactic-acid fermentation converts
glucose into ATP and a waste product
called lactic acid.
• Some types of bacteria and yeasts
make ATP during alcohol
fermentation. The process produces
alcohol/ethanol and CO2
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Photosynthesis
• Plants and some unicellular organisms obtain energy from light.
• Water, carbon dioxide (CO2), and chlorophyll are involved in photosynthesis.
• In plants, light energy is absorbed by pigments such as chlorophyll.
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Photosynthesis
• The chemical reactions of photosynthesis
occur in chloroplast, the organelles in plant
cells that convert light energy into food.
• Photosynthesis uses CO2 that is released
during cellular respiration to make food
energy and release oxygen (waste
product).
• When an organism eats plant material, it
takes in food energy. An organism’s cells
use oxygen released during photosynthesis.
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reactions in
cytoplasm
reactions in
mitochondria
reactions in
chloroplasts
carbon
dioxide
water
oxygen
carbon
dioxide
light energy