cellular world. the three domains eukaryaarchaeabacteria kingdoms: animalia plantae fungi protista...
TRANSCRIPT
The Three DomainsThe Three DomainsEukarya
Archaea Bacteria
Kingdoms:AnimaliaPlantaeFungi
Protista
Kingdoms:AnimaliaPlantaeFungi
Protista
“Extremophiles”“Extremophiles” BacteriaCyanobacteria
BacteriaCyanobacteria
Eukaryotic: cells havea nucleus
Eukaryotic: cells havea nucleus
Prokaryotic:cells haveno nucleus
Prokaryotic:cells haveno nucleus
Bacterial structureBacterial structureBacteria have no nucleus, but do have:
a cell membrane
a cell wall
a capsule
flagellae or cillia
DNA
Bacteria have no nucleus, but do have:
a cell membrane
a cell wall
a capsule
flagellae or cillia
DNA
Escherischia coliEscherischia coli
E. coli is a well-known gut bacteria that can also cause infections.
Like all prokaryotes, it has no nucleus and no membrane-bound organelles, but is highly adaptable.
E. coli is a well-known gut bacteria that can also cause infections.
Like all prokaryotes, it has no nucleus and no membrane-bound organelles, but is highly adaptable.
E. coliE. coli
The “hot dog” shape is a typical “bacillius” form.
Bacteria can also be round (“cocci”) or spiral-shaped (“spirilli”).
The “hot dog” shape is a typical “bacillius” form.
Bacteria can also be round (“cocci”) or spiral-shaped (“spirilli”).
E. coliE. coli
In this photo, you can see the bacterial DNA coiled up in the center of the organism.
Bacterial DNA forms one long loop rather than strands.
Small loops (“plasmids”) can be shared between bacteria.
In this photo, you can see the bacterial DNA coiled up in the center of the organism.
Bacterial DNA forms one long loop rather than strands.
Small loops (“plasmids”) can be shared between bacteria.
CyanobacteriaCyanobacteria
These are photsynthetic bacteria that gather in long strands.
Cyanobacteria were probably the first photosynthetic organisms on the planet.
These are photsynthetic bacteria that gather in long strands.
Cyanobacteria were probably the first photosynthetic organisms on the planet.
EukaryaEukarya
Eukaryotic cells, like this amoeba contain a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
The cell’s DNA is contained inside the membrane-bound nucleus.
Eukaryotic cells, like this amoeba contain a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
The cell’s DNA is contained inside the membrane-bound nucleus.
EukaryaEukarya
Paramecium, like Amoeba, is a self-contained, single-celled eukaryotic organism.
Paramecium, like Amoeba, is a self-contained, single-celled eukaryotic organism.
EukaryaEukarya
Volvox, a colonial alga, is composed of many single-celled algae clumped together.
Volvox, a colonial alga, is composed of many single-celled algae clumped together.
EukaryaEukarya
In multi-cellular Eukarya, cells take on specialized functions.
These flat, short-lived cells are from the inside of someone’s cheek.
In multi-cellular Eukarya, cells take on specialized functions.
These flat, short-lived cells are from the inside of someone’s cheek.
EukaryaEukarya
This scanning electron micrograph shows human bone marrow cells.
Proteins on the surface stick the cells together and help the body identify cells.
This scanning electron micrograph shows human bone marrow cells.
Proteins on the surface stick the cells together and help the body identify cells.
NucleusNucleus
The nucleus contains the genetic material (DNA) of the cell.
The nucleus directs cell processes by transcribing genes and sending RNA instructions out to the rest of the cell.
The nucleus contains the genetic material (DNA) of the cell.
The nucleus directs cell processes by transcribing genes and sending RNA instructions out to the rest of the cell.
NucleusNucleus
Nuclei in onion skin
cells.
Nuclei in onion skin
cells.
Nucleus with chromosomes in onion root
tip.
Nucleus with chromosomes in onion root
tip.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)Endoplasmic
Reticulum (ER)
RNA from the nucleus travels into the ER.
There the RNA is “read” and the instructions are used to manufacture proteins.
RNA from the nucleus travels into the ER.
There the RNA is “read” and the instructions are used to manufacture proteins.
Golgi ApparatusGolgi Apparatus
The Golgi bodies package materials made in the ER.
Vesicles containing products break off and float away to deliver their contents.
The Golgi bodies package materials made in the ER.
Vesicles containing products break off and float away to deliver their contents.
LysosomesLysosomes
Lysosomes “eat” up waste products, digest them, and recycle the molecules.
Lysosomes can also make a cell “self-destruct.”
Lysosomes “eat” up waste products, digest them, and recycle the molecules.
Lysosomes can also make a cell “self-destruct.”
MitochondriaMitochondriaThe mitochondria are the “power houses” of the cell.
Mitochondria use oxygen to extract energy from carbon compounds.
The mitochondria are the “power houses” of the cell.
Mitochondria use oxygen to extract energy from carbon compounds.
Plant CellPlant CellThe plant cell has everything an animal cell has except lysosomes.
The plant cell also has a cell wall, large vacuole, and chloroplasts.
The plant cell has everything an animal cell has except lysosomes.
The plant cell also has a cell wall, large vacuole, and chloroplasts.
Cell WallCell Wall
A plant cell wall is composed mostly of cellulose.
Pectin, a sticky fiber, “glues” plant cells together.
Lignin, a tough fiber, is found in wood.
A plant cell wall is composed mostly of cellulose.
Pectin, a sticky fiber, “glues” plant cells together.
Lignin, a tough fiber, is found in wood.
Cell wallCell wallThe plant cell wall, like an animal skeleton, holds the organism upright.
Cell walls also protect cells and help control movement of molecules between cells.
The plant cell wall, like an animal skeleton, holds the organism upright.
Cell walls also protect cells and help control movement of molecules between cells.
VacuoleVacuole
A large central vacuole serves as a storage tank.
The vacuole also serves some of the functions of a lysosome.
A large central vacuole serves as a storage tank.
The vacuole also serves some of the functions of a lysosome.
ChloroplastChloroplast
The chloroplast is the site of photosynthesis.
Chloroplasts collect light energy and use it to manufacture sugars.
The chloroplast is the site of photosynthesis.
Chloroplasts collect light energy and use it to manufacture sugars.
ChloroplastChloroplast
This electron
micrograph shows the
multi-layered
structures inside the
chloroplast.
This electron
micrograph shows the
multi-layered
structures inside the
chloroplast.
ChloroplastChloroplast
Sugars made by photosynthesis are used:Sugars made by photosynthesis are used:1) for the plant’s own metabolism1) for the plant’s own metabolism
2) to make complex carbohydrates and amino acids.2) to make complex carbohydrates and amino acids.
Endosymbiosis Theory
Endosymbiosis Theory
Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA that resembles bacterial DNA, and have bacteria-like membranes.
Some scientists now view mitochondria and chloroplasts as symbiotic organisms.
Endosymbiosis theory may help explain how eukaryotic cells evolved.
Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA that resembles bacterial DNA, and have bacteria-like membranes.
Some scientists now view mitochondria and chloroplasts as symbiotic organisms.
Endosymbiosis theory may help explain how eukaryotic cells evolved.