centenery pub barry carr brown

8/2/2019 Centenery Pub Barry Carr Brown

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The develpmet f micrpaletlgy i Triidadhas played a itegral rle i petrleum explratiad explitati bth lcally ad iteratially. The

plaktic framiiferal ati f the Ceic develped iTriidad became the stadard bistratigraphy used wrldwidei the petrleum idustry ad i paleceagraphic wrk.Had it t bee fr Jh B. Sauders ctributi i particular the History of Trinidad Biostratigraphic Studies iA Historyof Trinidad Oilby Gerge E. Higgis i 1990, ad articles bySauders ad Dr Has M. Blli i earlier publicatis f theFourth Latin American Geological Congress , held i Prt fSpai i 1979, ad i the publicati by the Swiss GeologicalSocietycmmemratig Dr Has G. Kuglers 80th birthdayi 1974, these cmmercially ad scietifically imprtatctributis wuld have therwise bee verlked adge uackwledged, except i the smewhat esteric wrldf iteratial micrpaletlgists. I a ewspaper articlei 2002 the histry f the lcal bistratigraphic servicessectr, Barry Carr-Brw f BiSTRATIGRAPHIC ASSoCIATES

(TRInIDAD) LIMITED, highlighted the rle f this sectr i thelcal petrleum idustry ad its histrical rigis sice 1917.I cmmemratig the ceteary f Triidads il idustry, it istherefre bth timely ad apprpriate t recgise Triidadsremarkable glbal ctributi i the field f idustrialmicrpaletlgy ad bistratigraphy.

I the ctext f idustrial paletlgy, e micrfssil grupi particular, the framiifera, hasplayed a itegral rle i tacklig themultiplicity f gelgical challegesi petrleum explrati adexplitati. Their utility derives frmtheir abudace ad wide distributii marie sedimetary rcks adbecause f their small sie they aret destryed by the drill bit ad arerecvered itact. They are represetedby bth bethic ad plaktic frms

which prduce micrscpic tests(shells) which readily fssilise. Thebethics frm eclgically ctrlledseaflr cmmuities whsedistributial characteristics thee had make them ivaluable frthe iterpretati f depsitialevirmets, reservir seal adreservir prveace ad gemetries,but fr this very reas limits theiruse fr lg rage sychruscrrelati. The plaktics the

ther had ccupy the surface ad ear-surface depths f themarie water clum ad are widely distributed by curretsacrss ceas ad shelf seas, ad death fially settle t theseaflr ad are preserved i sedimets ccupyig a wide ragef evirmets. This factr, ad their rapid evluti which isevidet i the fssil recrd, makes the plaktic framiiferaivaluable fr bichrlgical resluti, lcal ad lg-ragecrrelati ad age determiati.

Oii o Iuti Miootoo i TiiEarly studies fcused the bethic framiifera t lyi Triidad, but everywhere else. This was simply becausemicrpaletlgists fud it easier t distiguish bethictaxa tha plaktic taxa, the mrphlgical characteristicsdistiguishig the frmer beig mre readily apparettha i the latter. It was t util the 1940s that plakticframiiferal studies were iitiated a sustaied basis, lead bymicrpaletlgists i Triidad.

I Triidad, studies f fssil framiifera were published as early

as 1863 by Rbert J. Lechmere Guppy, a remarkable Triidadiaaturalist whse prlific publicatis Triidadatural histry cvered a wide rage fscietific tpics (Figure 1).

His 1863 paper was e f theearliest publicatis fssilframiifera i the Wester

158 100 Years f Petrleum i Triidad ad Tbag

The ctributi f TriidadMicrpaletlgy t glbal E&Pby barry carr-brOwn, ManagIng dIrecTOr, biosTraTIgraphIc assOcIaTes (TrInIdad) lTd

Hemisphere. It was fllwed by thers i 1873, 1894 ad 1904 the Ceic fssil framiifera f Triidad, which icludedseveral ew species, which were the refereces fr early 20thcetury idustrial micrpaletlgical studies (Figure 2).Tday, Rbert J. Lechmere Guppy is pricipally rememberedwrldwide fr the ppular aquarium fish rigially amed frhim Girardanus guppyi, r the Guppy which he had cllectedfrm the St As River i Prt f Spai.

Althugh Guppys wrk preceded the drillig f CaptaiWalter Darwets Ariper ilwell i 1867 ad Radlph Rustsearly twetieth cetury wildcattig effrts i Ariper adGuayaguayare, it was t util after 1913 that the idustrialptetial f framiifera fr gelgical crrelati wasfully appreciated i Triidad. This was 16 years after the firstdemstrati i Plad i 1897 by Prfessr Jsef Grybwskif the stratigraphic utility f fssil framiifera fr surface adsubsurface gelgical crrelati i the ilfields f Galicia,ad cicided with the creati i 1919 f the first idustrialmicrpaletlgical labratry i the Uited States (US) by the

Humble ad Ri Brav oil Cmpay.The value f framiifera fr the il idustry i Triidad

was first visualised by Dr August Tbler i 1913. Tbler wasa csultat gelgist t the Cetral Miig ad IvestmetCrprati which was wed by Gldfields f Suth Africa,ad which later established Triidad Leasehlds Ltd (TLL),the predecessr f Texac Triidad Ic ad the preset daysuccessr, the Petrleum C mpay f Triidad ad TbagLtd (Petrtri). While samplig the Ciper cast suth f SaFerad with his yug field assistat, Has G. Kugler, Tblerwith remarkable presciece articulated his visi f the use fframiifera fr wrldwide gelgical crrelati. This ispiredHas G. Kuglers immediate iterest ad later supprt fr thedevelpmet f idustrial micrpaletlgy i Triidad adfr the establishmet f the first paletlgical labratry atPite-a-Pierre i 1929 (Figure 3).

Frty-fur years after Tblers bservatis, the plakticframiiferal ati f the Ciper Frmati beds expsed

the Ciper Cast, which was part f the larger Ceicati f the islad, made this castal strip the hly grail flcal ad visitig micrpaletlgists. Tday, ufrtuately, thishistrically imprtat expsure is cvered by the Sa Feradcity dump ad is lger accessible.

With ecuragemet frm Has G. Kugler, W.F. Pey firstdemstrated the use f framiifera fr gelgical crrelatii Triidad, as well as i Wester Veeuela. Pey had arrivedfrm Rmaia i 1917, later becmig chief gelgist f TLL.It is iterestig t speculate that, cmig frm Rmaia as hedid, he may have bee aware f Jsef Grybwskis success ithe Plish ilfields, which wuld have made him particularly

Celebratig a Cetury f Cmmercial oil Prducti 159

Figure 1: Robert J. Lechmere Guppy (inset), Trinidad naturalist and first micropaleontologist, 1836-1916.And again with his youngest daughter, Yseult, whose book Child of the Tropics Victorian Memoirs,remains a firm favourite among Trinidadians to this day

Figure 2: Plate from publication by Robert J. Lechmere Guppy, 1894,illustrates the first new species of foraminifera to be described fromTrinidad. These are all benthics. (From J. B. Saunders, Fourth Latin AmericanGeological Congress, 1979)

Figure 3: Paleontology building, TLL Geological Laboratory, Pointe-a-Pierre,1946 (Hans M. Bolli, Fourth Latin American Geological Congress, 1979)


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receptive t Has G. Kuglers urgig t assess ad develp theptetial f framiifera i il explrati i Triidad.

Remarkably, hwever, it was Percy W. Jarvis, a kee

micrscpist ad a maager f Barclays Bak i Sa Ferad(where there is a Jarvis Street tday), wh uder Peys directifluece i 1918, started cllectig ad studyig framiiferafrm differet frmatis, ad established their gelgicalcredetials fr gelgical mappig ad petrleum explrati.He established the first cmmercial micrpaletlgicalcsultacy i Triidad which flurished betwee 1918 ad1933, preparig ad sellig type slides f micrfssils at WI$100each which were bught by the majr cmpaies wh retaiedhim as a csultat. I the ed he was defeated by his wsuccess, whe his cliets, wh icluded TLL, TPD (TriidadPetrleum Develpmet Cmpay) ad UBoT (Uited Britishoilfields f Triidad later Shell Triidad Ltd), recgisigthe value f his wrk, established their w paletlgicallabratries. Jarvis ffered his services t the TLL Pite-a-Pierrelabratry at WI$150 per mth (abut TT$17,500 tday); TLLadvised him that this was t expesive ad ayway they wereplaig t emply a full-time paletlgist. Has G. naegeli

was brught ut frm Switerlad as the first supervisr f thePite-a-Pierre labratry, ad Jarvis was retaied fr traiig.Althugh his cmmercial wrk came t a ed by 1933, hectiued his micrpaletlgical research ad gaiediteratial recgiti frm several scietific publicatis the Cretaceus ad Ceic framiifera f Triidad, c-authred betwee 1928-33 with Jseph A. Cushma, the famuspieer f the cmmercial applicati f framiifera i nrthAmerica. Jarvis described with Cushma the first ew plakticframiifera frm Triidad. Jarvis cllabrati with Jseph A.Cushma, ad succeedig cllabratis betwee 1945-48with Cushma by the early micrpaletlgical staff f the

TLL Gelgical Labratry i Pite-a-Pierre, tably Has H.Re ad R.M. Staifrth, were the begiigs f plakticframiiferal bistratigraphy i Triidad.

Despite the abudace f plaktic framiifera i theCretaceus ad Palecee t Middle Micee frmatis fTriidad, this phase f wrk by il cmpay labratries iTriidad fcused almst exclusively the bethic framiiferafr gelgical crrelati. As metied earlier, this was acsequece f the apparet mrphlgical mty f theplaktics perceived by micrpaletlgists at the time heread i the idustrial micrpaletlgical labratries i nrthAmerica, ad earby Veeuela. Exhaustive cmpilatis iiteral cmpay reprts i Triidad frmed the basis f thebethic atis ad crrelatis which were pushed tthe limit i surface ad subsurface mappig. This had smepractical applicati i the shrt-rage crrelati f the UpperMicee t Plicee deltaic-marie prducig hris f theCruse, Frest ad Grs Mre frmatis f suther Triidad,i which plaktics were scarce r abset, ad there was ther chice but t wrk with the bethics.

The TrInIdad schOOl Of bIOsTraTIgraphyT ro to n exotio Itiv bii opktoi fomii biottiBecause f the structural ad stratigraphic cmplexity f theCretaceus ad Palecee t Middle Micee frmatis fTriidad, which were cmig uder active explrati afterWWII i the late 1940s t 1950s, a ew micrpaletlgicalapprach had t be fud which wuld prvide greater accuracyi crrelati fr bth surface ad subsurface mappig i ilexplrati. This prmpted a mvemet t the plakticframiifera, which are abudat i mst f these frmatis,ad whse ptetial fr lg-rage crss-frmatial crrelati


trinidadmicropaleontology



Figure 4: The first planktonic foraminiferal zones erected in Trinidad, 1945-48 (John B. Saunders and Hans M. Bolli, Fourth Latin American GeologicalCongress, 1979)

Rich i plaktic framiifera Predmiatly bethic framiifera

HoL Glbrtalia fimbriata

Glbrtalia Glbigeria bermudei Cedrstrucatuliides Glbigeria calida calida

trucatuliides Glbrtalia hessi Plaktic framiifera

Gl b r t al ia cr as sa f rm is vi l a a re p rl y r ep re se t ed E ri

U i this iterval

M Glbrtalia Glbrtalia exilismiceica Glbigeriides trilbus fistulsus Mre lEfer

L Glbrta lia Glbrtalia margaritae evluta Frest Mayarmargaritae Glbrtalia margaritae margaritae

U Glbrtalia dutertrei Cruse Grs Mre

Glbrtalia acstaesis Lwer Cruse

Glbrtalia meardii LeguaGlbrtalia mayeri

Gligeriides ruber Hiatus Karamat

M Glbrtalia fhsi rbusta

Glbrtalia fhsi lbata Herrera Mbr.Glbrtalia fhsi fhsi

Glbrtalia fhsi peripherrdaPraerbulia glmersa

Glbigeriatella isueta

L Glbigeriita staifrthi Ciper

Glbigeriita dissimilis

Glbigeriides primrdius nariva

U Glbrtalia kugleri

Glbigeria ciperesis ciperesis

M Glbrtalia pima pima

Glbigeria ampliapertura

LCassigeriella chiplesis/Hastigeria micra

Hiatus

U Glbrtalia cerraulesis s.l. Sa Ferad

Glbigeriatheka semiivluta

Trucrtalides rhri

orbuliides beckmai

M Glbrtalia leheri navet

Glbigeriatheka subcglbatasubcglbata

Hatkeia aragesis

Glbrtalia palmeraeGlbrtalia aragesis

L Glbrtalia frmsa frmsa Upper Liard Sprigs Pite-a-Pierre

Glbrtalia subbtiae

Glbrtalia edgari Hiatus

U Glbrtalia velascesis

Glbrtalia pseudmeardii

M Glbrtalia pusilla pusilla

Glbrtalia agulata Lwer Liard Sprigs Chaudire

Glbrtalia uciata

L Glbrtalia triidadesis

Glbrtalia pseudbullides Hiatus Hiatus

Glbigeria eugubia

PLAnKTonIC FoRAMInIFERAL zonESAGE

FoRMATIonS In SoUTH AnD SoUTHEAST TRInIDAD

Glbrtalia trucatuliides cf. tsaesis

PLEIST.

PLIoCEnE

MIoCEnE

oLIGoCEnE

ECoCEnE

PALEoCEnE

Palmiste

Figure 5: The Cenozoic planktonic foraminiferal zonal scheme developed in the Caribbean area, 1957-1973 (John B. Saunders and Hans M. Bolli,Fourth Latin American Geological Congress, 1979). Zone established in Trinidad (Bolli, 1957, Bulletin 215). Zone established in easternVenezuela (Bolli and Bermudez, 1965). Zone established in Caribbean DSDP (Bolli, 1970; Bolli and Premoli-Silva, 1973; Premoli-Silva and Bolli, 1973)


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reliquishig cetre stage tthe wrk f the TLL labratryi Pite-a-Pierre.

The early TLL micr-paletlgical staff icludedHas H. Re, wh was icharge f the Pite-a-Pierrelabratry frm 1937-47, adexpaded it csiderably. Hewas jied by Bramie Caudrifrm 1939-42, ad R.M.Staifrth frm 1939-44, befremvig t Veeuela.

Cllabrative effrts f JsephCushma with R.M. Staifrthad Has H. Re frm 1945-47, ad idepedet wrk by R.M. Staifrth i 1948, prducedthe first crude plaktic

framiiferal atis f theMicee Legua ad Ciperfrmatis, ad the recgitif the first Upper Ecee e fthe navet frmati (Figure 4).

This was the begiigf a ccerted effrt by TLLmicrpaletlgists whprduced a successi fpublicatis betwee 1948-57which refied the systematicsf the plaktic framiiferaad resulted i a defiitiveplaktic framiiferalati fr the Palecee t

Middle Micee (ad Upper Cretaceus) frmatis f Triidad,which became a wrldwide stadard fr middle t lw latitudeplaktic framiiferal bistratigraphy (Figures 5, 6). These

micrpaletlgists icluded Paul Brima frm 1946t 1952; Has M. Blli frm 1946-58; Walter H. Blw frm1953-56; Jea-Pierre Beckma frm late 1953-57; ad Jh B.Sauders frm 1951-75. Brima, Blli ad Sauders weresuccessive supervisrs f the Pite-a-Pierre labratry betwee1947-75, fllwed by Jh Frampt ad Rbert D. Liska after1975, ad Barry Carr-Brw frm 1985-90 (the the Triidadad Tbag oil Cmpay Gelgical Services Labratry).Bth Jh Frampt ad Barry Carr-Brw f BiSTRAT begatheir prfessial careers i micrpaletlgy uder JhB. Sauders i the Pite-a-Pierre labratry after Texacsacquisiti f TLL ad came it clse assciati early i their

had bee already recgised. Csiderable effrt was directedit reslvig the systematics (scietific classificati) f theplaktic framiifera, establishig their gelgical rages,

ad evaluatig their effectiveess fr bistratigraphic crrelati.The success f this wrk was due t a small grup f dedicatedmicrpaletlgists i the TLL labratry at Pite-a-Pierre. Theireffrt was actively ecuraged by Has G. Kugler, wh becamechief gelgist f TLL i 1922, ad wh iflueced cmpaymaagemet t allw the early publicati f their results.The chief gelgist f UBoT/Shell Triidad Ltd at the time, DrTerpstra, shared Has G. Kuglers visi fr the cmmercial adscietific ptetial f plaktic framiiferal micrpaletlgy,ad a mre limited parallel effrt was made i the UBoT/Shelllabratry i Pit Frti. Hwever, UBoT/Shell ever publishedtheir results, limitig kwledge f their prgress iterally, s



13,000 metres f utcrps surveyed ad sampled by BiSTRAT ithe first ad ly cmprehesive gelgical field prgrammeudertake i Triidad sice 1955.

exot o Tii Iuti Miootoo biottiThe glbal exprt ad usage f Triidad plaktic framiiferalmicrpaletlgy ad bistratigraphy established what hasbee referred t i 1975 as the Trinidad School of Biostratigraphyby R.M. Staifrth ad cllabratrs at the Exx PrductiResearch Cmpay i Hust ad The Trinidad Connectionby Australia paletlgist-gelgist Bria McGwra f theUiversity f Adelaide i his defiitive publicati mderbistratigraphy i 2005.

This phase bega i 1948 whe Has H. Re recgisedthe uppermst Triidad Lwer Micee (Globigerinatellainsueta) ad Middle Micee (Globorotalia fohsi) es iFalc, Wester Veeuela. At the same time R.M. Staifrthcmpared plaktic framiifera f Triidad with castal

Ecuadr, ad i 1953 the same thig was beig de thePalecee f Demark by Paul Brima while head f the


careers with Has M. Blli while he was with Shell i Veeuelaad afterwards whe Prfessr f Gelgy ad Chairma f theGelgy Departmet at the Swiss Federal Istitute f Techlgy(ETH) i zurich, ad fllwig retiremet, as Emeritus Prfessrat the Uiversity f zurich.

T bi o Iuti Miootoo Bulletin 215Mst f the published wrk the plaktic framiifera wasde ver the 10-year perid betwee 1948 ad 1957 by PaulBrima, Has M. Blli, Jea-Pierre Beckma, ad t aextet by Walter Blw. This was sythesised ad carried t itsapthesis by Has M. Blli with his 1957 publicati f aseries f papers i Bulletin 215 Studies in Foraminifera fthe US natial Museum the systematics f the plakticframiifera ad plaktic ati f the Upper Cretaceusad Palecee t Middle Micee frmatis f Triidad.Bulletin 215 immediately became the Bible f plakticframiiferal micrpaletlgy ad bistratigraphy fridustry prfessials.

fit Mo gooi M o TiiArmed w with a better meas frgelgical datig ad crrelati,wrk cmmeced the prductif the first mder gelgical mapf Triidad. The stratigraphy fthusads f surface samples wasrevised ad well sectis werere-examied. Maps ad crss-sectis at a scale f 1:50,000 werecstructed by Has G. Kugler, adthe, with the spsrship f thePetrleum Assciati f Triidad, aclured 1:100,000 gelgical mapad crss-sectis was published i1961. This was updated i 1998 by

Jh B. Sauders with the fiacial

ad techlgical supprt f AmcTriidad oil Cmpay, ad publishedby the Miistry f Eergy ad EergyIdustries. A sigificat revisi fthe crrelati f the Upper Miceet Pleistcee frmatis wasctributed by BiSTRATIGRAPHICASSoCIATES (TRInIDAD) LIMITED(BiSTRAT). Their ew iterpretatiwas based the results f mdermultidiscipliary sequece-basedbistratigraphic aalysis f ver


Figure 7: Cross-sections of Borbon basin flank exposures northwestern Ecuador, showing (A) initialinterpretation based on field reconnaissance and limited fossil evidence, and (B) revised interpretationand correlations from planktonic foraminiferal analysis and application of early Trinidad planktonicforaminiferal biostratigraphy, by R.M. Stainforth around 1950 (Article 62, Univ. of Kansas PaleontologicalContributions, 1975)

Figure 6: Trinidad Cretaceous planktonic foraminiferal zonation and later modern zonal scheme.Zones established in Trinidad (Bolli, 1957 and 1959)


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Pedr Bermudez exteded the plaktic framiifera zati fthe Cezic abve the Middle Micee, whe they established theUpper Micee ad Lwer Plicee zes i rther Veezuela.Frm 1965 the Triidad zati was applied t the Ecee tMicee f Barbads by Jh B. Sauders, wh cperated clsely

i the remappig f the islads cmplex gelgy which was criticalt future il explrati effrts. I 1966 Blli demstrated that thelate negee plaktic successi f Java was similar t that fthe Caribbea. After this pit i time, Triidad ad Caribbeaplaktic framiiferal bistratigraphy etered a ew phase fdevelpmet with the advet f the Jit oceagraphic Istitutisfr Deep Earth Samplig (JoIDES) Deep Sea Drillig Prject (DSDP),whe the Cezic zati was cmpleted ad refied.

commi Imt T ci exm om Tii,Vzu euoThree classical examples f the impact f the early applicatis

Gulf oil Cmpay gelgical labratry i Cuba. Brima,with n.K. Brw, further exteded this wrk the UpperCretaceus f Cuba i 1955. I 1958 Jea-Pierre Beckmaad P.H. Marti-Kaye (als a alumus f the TLL Pite-a-Pierre labratry) successfully applied the Triidad Palecee

t Ecee ad oligcee t Micee plaktic framiiferalatis i Cuba ad i the sutheast Caribbea islad fCarriacu, respectively. Shrtly after, i 1959, W.H. Blwprduced a Lwer t Middle Micee ati f easterFalc, Veeuela, virtually idetical t the Triidad plakticframiiferal ati. Blw wet t direct plakticframiiferal studies at the BP Research Cetre at Subury--Thames, where he drew heavily his Triidad experiece.

A year later, i 1960, the Triidad Palegee (Palecee toligcee) plaktic framiiferal micrpaletlgy adzati were exteded t rther Italy by Has M. Blli adM.B. Cita f the Uiversity f Mila. I 1965 Has M. Blli ad



Tbag Electricity Cmmissis(T&TECs) first gas turbie-pweredelectricity geeratig plat i Triidad,lcated at Peal.

The third example is a reiterpretatif the structure ad stratigraphy f thehuge Quiriquire ilfield i 1970 by

James Lamb, wh, usig the plakticati develped i Bulletin 215,tured the cvetial iterpretati its head i demstratig that thedeep subsurface structure f the fieldis a vertured fld, thus cruciallyredirectig explrati ad explitatieffrts i Quiriquire (Figure 9).

gu o Mxio exotio extioo Tii pktoi fomiibiotti

Evetually Triidad plakticframiiferal bistratigraphy spreadt the Gulf Cast f the USA arutie peratial basis, drive by theexpasi f explrati ffshre, wherecrrelatis based traditial bethicframiiferal bistratigraphy whichhad wrked well previusly, bega tfail as deeper marie sequeces withplaktics were ecutered dwdipffshre. I 1969, i the first f maywrkig visits with the Amc PrductiCmpay peratis paletlgy grup

i new orleas, the authr became clsely assciated with Dr A.D.Bu Ellis, wh had bee madated t develp the Amc neworleas divisis plaktic framiiferal capability mre tha10 years after plaktic bistratigraphy was rutie i Triidad!Effrts f the Amc Prducti Research Cetre i Tulsa ad f

the research ad peratis labratries f ther cmpaies, iparticular that f the Exx Prducti Research Cmpay uderthe directi f R.M. Staifrth, the Triidad-based plakticframiiferal ati f the Ceic evlved it the Gulf fMexic plaktic crrelati scheme f tday.

Ooi aitio i t ci-atti rioAfter 1968, the paleceagraphic prgramme f the JoIDESDeep Sea Drillig Prject gave a whle ew impetus t Triidadad Caribbea plaktic framiiferal studies. Jh B. Sauders atthe Texac Triidad Ic (frmerly TLL) labratry at Pite-a-Pierrewas a member f the plaig cmmittee fr the Caribbea sea


f Triidad plaktic framiiferal bistratigraphy t surfacead subsurface gelgical mappig are R.M. Staifrths wrki rthwester Ecuadr, Peter Bitterlis reiterpretati fthe structure f the Peal field i Triidad, ad James Lambsreiterpretati f the Quiriquire field i easter Veeuela.

The first is the demstrati arud 1950 by R.M. Staifrthf the utility f the evlvig Triidad plaktic framiiferalati fr crrelatig paleevirmetally ad lithlgicallydissimilar depsits mapped at surface i rthwest Ecuadr frpetrleum explrati (Figure 7).

I 1958 crrelati based the plaktic ati f theCiper frmati was applied successfully by Peter Bitterlif Shell Triidad t wrkig ut the extremely cmplicatedgelgical structure ad crrelati f the vertured ad thrustfaulted Herrera sadste reservirs f the Peal-Barrackpreilfields ad made pssible their successful explitati (Figures8a-8c). The resultig gas prducti fuelled the Triidad ad


Figure 8a (above left): Subsurface structure of the East Penal oilfield using planktonic foraminiferal control (Peter Bitterli, 1958, reproduced from Trans. 4thCaribbean Geological Conference, 1965)Figure 8b (above right): US National Museum Bulletin 215 plate, showing Globorotalia marker species used for the planktonic foraminiferal zonation of theCipero formation. The four-fold zonation of the Middle Miocene Herrera sandstone member, based on the evolutionary lineage of the Globorotalia fohsisubspecies (8-16), made possible the correlation of the Herrera reservoirs and recognition of the overturned structure

Figure 8c: Geological ranges of Globorotalias used for the planktonic zonation of the Cipero andLengua formations, with the Globorotalia fohsi subspecies used for correlation of the Herrera sandstonereservoirs highlighted in colour (based on figure in US National Museum Bulletin 215)


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flr crig prgrammes,served as c-scietificchief i the DSDP Leg 15,ad cllabrated with theshipbard scietists f thisad the earlier Leg 4 i theCaribbea wester Atlatic,tably Isabella Premli-Silva f the Uiversity fMila ad Has M. Blli,i the aalytical wrk adpublicati f the results.These icluded descriptisf the plaktic framiiferafrm the cred sequecesf the sea flr drill sites,crrelatis with Triidad,Cubagua ad Margaritaislads ad wester ad

rther Veeuela, ad thedevelpmet f the UpperMicee t Pleistceeplaktic framiiferalbistratigraphy fr theCaribbea rther SuthAmerica regi.

a go riosti o pktoi bti biottiI 1975 Jh B. Saudersresiged frm TexacTriidad Ic ad jiedHas G. Kugler at thenatural Histry MuseumBasel, as Curatr fMicrpaletlgy. While

at the nHMB he ctiued his cllabrati Triidad adCaribbea micrpaletlgical research with Has M. Blliat the Swiss Federal Istitute f Techlgy (ETH) i zurich, adc-edited ad c-authred with Blli ad frmer Triidad TLLlabratry ad Eurpea ad nrth America clleagues, twdefiitive bks bistratigraphy. The first, Plankton Stratigraphy,published i 1985, is a majr wrk, itegratig high ad lwlatitude plaktic framiiferal bistratigraphy f the Cretaceusad Ceic, with the ther majr plaktic bistratigraphicsubdisciplies which develped i paleceagraphic adcmmercial usage ad calibrated the atis derived fr these,usig radimetric dates ad gemagetic stratigraphy recrds. The

secd, published i 1995, Benthic Foraminiferal Biostratigraphyof the South Caribbean Region , c-authred by alumi f theTLL/Texac Triidad Pite-a-Pierre gelgical labratry HasM. Blli, Jea-Pierre Beckma ad Jh B. Sauders is acmprehesive itegrati f Cretaceus ad Ceic bethicframiiferal micrpaletlgy f Triidad, Veeuela adthe suther Caribbea, with mder plaktic framiiferalbistratigraphy, ad is the stadard referece fr the regi.

fi cotiutio o t poit--pi loto aumito Tii goo

Jh B. Sauders retired frm the natural Histry Museum Basel



scietific ctributi t this cutry was Part 4 f Has G.Kuglers Treatise f t he Gelgy f Triidad, the Palecee tHlcee frmatis, which he edited, updated ad saw t itspublicati by the natural Histry Museum Basel i 2001. This isthe stadard stratigraphic lexic fr Triidad gelgical wrk.

Jh B. Sauders was last i Triidad i 1998 fr the fficialrelease by the Miistry f Eergy ad Eergy Idustries f theRevisi f H.G. Kuglers 1:100,000 scale Map f Triidad, whichwrk he had iitiated ad i which he ivested csiderableeffrt, ad edited, i clusive f the ew gelgical map f Tbagby Prfessr A.W. Ske f the Uiversity f Wymig, ad hisgraduate studets. o


i 1994 ad settled i Wesleydale, Yrkshire, where he hadde mappig as a gelgical studet. Has M. Blli died i2007. Bth were elected hrary members f the GelgicalSciety f Triidad ad always maitaied a clse persal adprfessial relatiship with Has G. Kugler, wh died at age 93i 1986. They ever lst their clse prfessial ties with idustryprfessials i Triidad, Veeuela ad the Caribbea, embracigevery pprtuity t be ivlved with the regis gelgy adpaletlgy, ad f Triidad i particular (Figures 10-12).

Has M. Bllis last visits t Triidad were i 1987 t give aprfessial semiar i Pite-a-Pierre rgaised by the authr,ad i 1993 fr a setimetal vacati with his family. His fial


Figure 9: Early conventional interpretation of the structure and stratigraphy of the Quiriquire oilfield (A), and (B) laterrevised interpretation of its subsurface structure based on planktonic foraminiferal biostratigraphy by J.L. Lamb, 1970(Article 62, University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions, 1975)

Figure 10: From left to right: Felix Wiedenmeyer, Hans M. Bolli, John B.Saunders and Barry Carr-Brown at ETH, Zurich, 1986

Figure 11: From left to right: John B. Saunders, Barry Carr-Brown, HansG. Kugler and Hans H. Renz at Kuglers vacation spa, the SchneggHotel, Switzerland, 1986

Figure 12: Taking a break from resurveying the Late Miocene San JoseRiver outcrops, Central Range, 1996. From left to right: Barry Carr-Brown(BioSTRAT), Brian Harry (Amoco), John B. Saunders (NHMB), guide, J. Frampton (BioSTRAT)

centenery pub barry carr brown

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