central bank, monetary control and monetary policy in islamic framework
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Central Bank, Monetary Control and Monetary Policy in Islamic Framework. Ausaf Ahmad. Preliminary Observations. Monetary Policy is a catch all name for monetary management, monetary control, regulation of commercial of commercial banks, and management of money market. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Central Bank, Monetary Control
and Monetary Policy in Islamic Framework
Ausaf Ahmad
Preliminary ObservationsPreliminary Observations Monetary Policy is a catch all name for monetary
management, monetary control, regulation of commercial of commercial banks, and management of money market.
Is multiple deposit creation possible under Islamic banking?
Power of deposit creation is not with a single bank. It is with the banking system
Power of deposit creation is because of fractional reserve. With 100 percent Reserve Requirement, all money is representative money and no further deposits are created.
CENTRAL BANK IN CENTRAL BANK IN ISLAMIC ECONOMICSISLAMIC ECONOMICS
Functions of central bank in Islamic economy are similar to any modern economy
Regulation of money supply according to requirements of the economy
Influencing the movement and direction of bank finance in desirable directions
Providing a measure of safety and ensuring prudent banking
ISLAMIC BANKS AND ISLAMIC BANKS AND CREDIT CREATIONCREDIT CREATION
Controversy: Do Islamic banks create credit?
Deposit creation through Mudarabah
The Deposits never leave the banking system. It comes back to the system through deposit in another bank.
Role of Fractional Reserve System
OBJECTIVES OF MONETARY POLICY OBJECTIVES OF MONETARY POLICY IN AN ISLAMIC ECONOMYIN AN ISLAMIC ECONOMY
To Promote a sustained and balanced economic growth and mobilize resources for economic development.
To maintain stability in the value of money so as to avoid excessive periodic fluctuations.
To maintain stability in the external value of money.
To promote an equitable distribution of income and wealth.
INSTRUMENTS OFINSTRUMENTS OF MONETARY CONTROL MONETARY CONTROL
Quantitative Measures
Qualitative Measures
Prudential Measures
Quantitative MeasuresQuantitative Measures Legal Reserve Ratio
Bank Rate Policy
Open Market Operations
Credit Rationing
QUALITATIVE MEASURESQUALITATIVE MEASURES Margin Requirements
Maximum and Minimum rates of interests
Selective Credit Controls
PRUDENTIAL MEASURESPRUDENTIAL MEASURES Minimum Capital Requirements
Maximum Exposure restrictions
Mandatory Appropriation of Profits
Moral suasion
Suitability of Suitability of conventional Measuresconventional MeasuresMethod of Credit Control Suitability to Islamic
economy1. Legal Reserve Ratio Suitable
2. Bank Rate Policy Unsuitable
3.Open Market Operations Modification Necessary
4. Credit Ceilings Suitable
5. Selective Credit Control Suitable
6. Lender of Last resort Modification Necessary
7. Issue of Directives Suitable
8. Moral Suasion Suitable
Instruments of Monetary Instruments of Monetary Policy in Islamic EconomyPolicy in Islamic Economy
Conventional Instruments
1.Profit Sharing Ratio
2. Refinance Ratio
3.Public share of demand deposits
4. Value Oriented Allocation of Credit.
5.Qard Hasan Ratio
Unsuitable Bank Rate Policy
Suitable
Legal Reserve Ratio, Credit Rationing, Selective Credit Controls, Issue of Directive, Moral Suasion
New Instruments
LEGAL RESERVE RATIOLEGAL RESERVE RATIO Required Reserve Ratio does not involve interest in
any manner.
Controversy: Fractional reserve system Vs.100% required reserve
Application of cash reserve system only to investment deposits
OPEN MARKET OPEN MARKET OPERATIONSOPERATIONS
Open market Operations are based on interest.
Direct manipulation of interest rates and indirect manipulation of money supply
Modification necessary
Should the central bank be allowed to buy and sell equity of companies?
Mudarahah/ Musharakah/ Certificates
BANK RATE POLICYBANK RATE POLICY The bank rate policy refers to interest rate which
the central bank charges to commercial banks to lend money. Through changes in bank rate, the central bank indirectly changes the quantum of credit in the economy.
Unsuitable for the Islamic Central Bank.
CREDIT RATIONINGCREDIT RATIONING More popular techniques in developing countries
because financial infrastructure is not fully developed.
A credit ceiling is allotted to each sector and to each bank
Because of its non interest nature, suitable for controlling Islamic banks.
Issue of Penalty
SELECTIVE CREDIT SELECTIVE CREDIT CONTROLCONTROL
Quantitative measures control volume of credit, SCC control direction of credit.
May be more relevant in developing countries.
Matching finance if bank finance projects in the desirable sectors.
Either as an interest free loan or at a lower profit sharing ratio.
LENDER OF LAST RESORTLENDER OF LAST RESORT Loans are provided to face liquidity crises.
In Islamic economy, central banks would continue to function as Lender of Last Resort.
Interest free loans with or without service charge.
Special Fund at the Central Bank.
The case of International Bank for Investment and Development in Cairo.
ISSUE OF DIRECTIVESISSUE OF DIRECTIVES In the conventional system, this is used to regulate
interest rates and channel credit in the desired direction.
In the Islamic system, the same directives may be used to influence profit sharing ratios.
The central bank may prescribe ranges for profit sharing ratios for Mudarabah contacts and for mark up in the case of Murabaha contracts.
MORAL SUASIONMORAL SUASION Informal contacts, consultations, meetings, to
explain position of central bank on various issues. The technique remains available in the interest free
system. Some economists are of the opinion that this technique may have to play greater role in the new system.
INTEREST FREE INTEREST FREE INSTRUMENTS OF INSTRUMENTS OF
MONETARY POLICYMONETARY POLICY Profit sharing ratio
Refinance ratio
Public share of demand deposits
Value oriented allocation of credit
Qard hasan ratio
Maximum and minimum mark up ratio.
PROFIT SHARING RATIOPROFIT SHARING RATIO Potentially it may perform the same role as interest
rate as it may work as a signaling device.
Depositors’ and borrowers’ profit sharing ratio’
Management of first may influence supply of money and of the latter may affect demand for money.
RE FINANCE RATIO AND RE FINANCE RATIO AND LENDING RATIOLENDING RATIO
Re-finance ratio would move in the opposite direction of cash reserve ratio.
To reduce expansion of credit, refinance ratio would be lowered, to increase supply of credit, it would be raised.
Appropriate changes in lending ratios would reinforce the impact
PUBLIC SHARE OF PUBLIC SHARE OF DEMAND DEPOSITSDEMAND DEPOSITS
It is suggested that 25% of total demand deposits may be diverted to public treasury. It is argued that:
Commercial banks do not pay any thing for these deposits and public does not bear any risk on these deposits if they are fully insured.
The share may vary in accordance with the economic conditions and objectives of economic policy.
CRITIQUECRITIQUE It may encourage the governments to spend more.
It may reduce Monetary Base (high powered money) and hence indirectly reduce credit creation.
Lacks swiftness of response.
The proposal appears to be in conflict with the Islamic concept of property.
CONCLUSIONCONCLUSIONAny fear of chaos in monetary management on account of Islamic banking is not well founded. There are enough tools in the battery of central bank to control commercial banking activity and achieve the goals of economic policy.
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