P7 | APUSH | Wiley | World War I: Note Guide, D___ Name:Causes of World War I (1914-1918): “MANIAC”—Militarism, Alliances, Nationalism, Imperialism, Assassination, Crisis in the Balkans

Long-Term Causes By 1900, hundreds of __________________________________ were active in

Europe But the forces of militarism, alliances, nationalism, imperialism would propel Europe

into war in _________

Militarism Alliances Nationalism Imperialism Militarism: each nation kept an army

______________________________________________________________ arms race

“The entire able-bodied population are preparing to massacre one another; though no one . . . wants to attack, and everybody protests his love of peace and determination to maintain it, yet the whole world feels that it only requires some unforeseen incident, some unpreventable accident, for the spark to fall in a flash…and blow all Europe sky-high.” –Frederic Passy, French Nobel Peace Prize winner

The story of the alliances begins with a _______________________:

For defense, Germany created the ________________________ in 1882 with Austria-Hungary and Italy

In response, the ________________________ formed: Britain, France, Russia

By 1907, two rival camps existed in Europe a dispute could draw most of the continent into war

Deep devotion to one’s nation + ______________________________ superiority competition between nations

Driven by competition for materials and markets

_______________ disputes

Nations of Europe competed fiercely for colonies in ____________________________ rivalry and mistrust

Immediate Causes: Crisis in the Balkans and Assassination of the Archduke Nowhere was a dispute more likely to occur than on the

_________________________________, which is exactly what happened

Crisis in the Balkans The ___________________________________ had ruled this

region for centuries but was in rapid decline by the early 1900s Some groups succeeded in breaking away from these Turkish

rulers; others struggled to free themselves ___________________________________ attempted to fill

the power vacuum: annexed Bosnia & Herzegovina (1908) __________________________ vowed to undermine Austro-

Hungarian influence

Assassination Ultimatum War Archduke Franz Ferdinand of AH and pregnant wife were shot when visiting Sarajevo, _________________________ _________________________________________ committed to ridding the Balkans of Austrian rule; member of “Black Hand” Germany _________________________ Austria to go to war against Serbia and offered “blank check” Austria issued an ultimatum to Serbia; called for an end to all anti-Austrian activity, allowing Austrian officials into their country

to conduct investigations, (etc.) To avoid war, Serbia agreed to most of Austria’s demands but asked to negotiate on others AH was in _________________________________________; declared war Russia then mobilized to protect their ally, Serbia

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Other Nations Get Involved Assassination set off a chain reaction that would ultimately lead to _______________ million casualties When ___________________________ mobilized their troops in response to Austria-Hungary’s declaration of war (they viewed

themselves as the “protector” of all Slavic people in the Balkans), Germany called such action a declaration of war ___________________________ then declared war on Russia, and its ally, France

Germany’s Schlieffen Plan Germany decided to race west to defeat France and then return to fight Russia in the east Germans felt that Russia, with its __________________________________, would have difficulty mobilizing its troops _____________________ was vital; French troops were lined along the border; Germans knew that breaking through would be

slow work

Germany’s Invasion of Belgium Germany _____________________________ that troops be allowed to pass through Belgium on its way to France; Belgium

refused Germany then invaded and was _______________________________ in their treatment of the Belgians __________________________, with close ties to Belgium and outrage over violation of neutrality, declared war on Germany

View of War—1914 Millions of soldiers marched ______________________ off to battle, convinced that the war would be ____________________ German sociologist Max Weber wrote: “This war, with all its ghastliness, is nevertheless grand and wonderful. It is worth

experiencing.” Little did they know that they would be the players in a four-year “exercise in death”

Who was Where?Allied Powers Central Powers

Later Additions

Additions to the War (with the exception of America, which will be covered in the next mix) _______________________________________ : join in hopes of regaining lost territories _______________________ : had been a part of the Triple Alliance; then switched sides

o Outrage over Germany’s unprovoked attack on Belgium o Claimed they had no obligation to help Austria-Hungary or Germany since neither had been attacked

_______________________ : hoped to expand their sphere of influence in China and be recognized as a major player on the world stage

_______________________ : joined when the U.S. did, sure they would be on the winning side; hoped to be freed from position of acquiescence to foreigners

___________________________________________ : many fought, some in hopes that their service might lead to greater autonomy

Futility of War New weapons and warfare changed perceptions of war: a “________________________” Battle at Verdun: Germany advanced 4 miles; both sides lost over 300,000 Battle of the Somme: Britain and France gained 5-6 miles; each side lost over half a million “One is left with the horrible feeling now that ________________________________; that to

win a war is as disastrous as to lose one.” –Agatha Christie

See “Crime of the Ages” cartoon.

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Victims of Mustard Gas

U.S. Involvement in World War IU.S. “Isolationism” U.S. was horrified at the nature of WWI and ______________________ its causes Had a long history of staying out of ________________________ entanglements __________________________ and President Wilson urged for peace Socialists strongly opposed the war; thought it was all about capitalism and greed Had close economic and cultural ties to Britain, and to a lesser extent, France Over time, U.S. came to support _________________ ideologically due to German war atrocities Allies received lots of economic and military ___________ from the U.S. from the start of the war

“Most Americans sympathized with the Allies against the Central Powers but few clamored to opt in. Americans of all political persuasions feared getting dragged into Europe’s bloodletting. Eugene Debs urged workers to oppose the war, wisely observing, ‘Let the capitalists do their own fighting and furnish their own corpses and there will never be another on the face of the earth.’ As reports of the fighting filtered in, antiwar sentiment remained strong.” –Peter Kuznick, Historian, 2012

The Lusitania, 1915 Germans sank a British passenger ship, leaving 1,192 dead, including 128 Americans Americans ______________________________ by the U.S. Sec. of State not to travel on ships from the nations at war President Wilson issued a protest to Germany, who promised to issue warnings before attacking neutral and passenger ships

Resumption of Unrestricted Submarine Warfare, 1917 Germans faced ______________________________________ at home due to a British blockade Decided to resume USW to disrupt the flow of supplies from the U.S. to England and starve Britain into surrender

________________________ America could join the war The agreement with America had been broken three American ships sank in 1917

The Zimmerman Note, 1917 Britain intercepted a telegram from Germany’s foreign secretary, Zimmerman, to the German ambassador in Mexico The message said that the Germans would ______________________________________ to make war against the U.S. if the

U.S. looked to declare war against Germany Promised help in reclaiming lands lost in the Mexican-American War (_____________) in hopes of keeping America out of the

war America declared war on Germany shortly thereafter

See Wilson’s War Message to Congress, 1917

U.S. Involvement, Overview 19 months spent in war technically; ______ months in full combat U.S. deaths: ____________________________ from disease Played decisive role in Allied victory:

o Financed the Allied war efforto Went from a “pitiful” army to one that mobilized much faster than Germans had imagined, which helped convince

Germans to stop fighting _______________________ saw war as great possibility for change

across the globe

By the time Congress declared war in 1917, opponents of war in America had become a minority

o Helping the Allies _______________________________ that was good for business owners, workers and farmers

Dramatic _______________________ in the size and scope of the federal government

More opportunities emerged for women and blacks Civil liberties suppressed

See Excerpts from “EDsitement” on why the U.S. went to war.

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The [U.S.] Home Front [The Home Front refers to the civilian population, and their activities, of a country at war.]

Expansion of the Federal Government Selective Service Act: draft increased the size of the army from

__________________ to 5 million New agencies were created to regulate industry, transportation,

labor relations, agriculture, etc. (see next slide) Some regulations made ___________________________ happy:

o In return for a “no-strike pledge” many workers gained 8-hour days and wages rose significantly

o Taxes on wealthy increased

_________________________________ : took charge of wartime production, setting quotas and prices; commanded that factories convert to war production

_________________________________ : propaganda tool to shape public opinion; distributed literature, gave pro-war speeches, encouraged spying and conformity, helped rouse anti-German sentiment

_________________________________ : mobilized a nationwide ration-effort

Restriction of Civil Liberties Laws to curb dissent disappointed many progressives but were____________________ by the Court Espionage Act (1917-today): prohibited interference with military operations/recruitment or support of U.S. enemies Sedition Act (1918-’21): prohibited speech/behavior that was disloyal towards the Constitution/government Thousands prosecuted and jailed; Socialist Party leader _______________________________ managed to win 1 million votes in

1920 presidential election from his ____________________ after criticizing war

Violence and Suppression Vigilante groups led attacks on the “unpatriotic” Americans Cities and towns took great efforts to suppress ____________________________ by use of propaganda, boycotts, and violence

o In 1914, 10 million Americans were derived from Germanyo See Clyde’s comments below

“I remember when they smashed out store windows . . . that said sauerkraut. . . . Even the great Williamson store, he went in and gathered up everything that was made in Germany, and had a big bonfire out in the middle of the street . . . . Although he had many good German friends all over the country that had helped make him rich. . . . –Lola Gamble Clyde

Lynching Robert Paul Prager, 1918 ____________________-born bakery employee Socialist Accused of making “disloyal utterances” Lynched by drunken miners; 12 men were tried for his murder but were _____________________________

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Schenck v. United States, 1919 Charles Schenck, Secretary of the Socialist Party, distributed leaflets that advocated

________________________________________________:o “Do not submit to intimidation. Military conscription constitutes involuntary

servitude, which is prohibited by the _________________ Amendment.” Arrested for violating the ______________________ Act Court ruled that a citizen does not have a 1st Amendment right to express freedom of

speech against the draft ____________________________

Court argued that the First Amendment right to free speech has limits; examples would be encouraging insubordination to the military during a time of war or shouting “__________” in a crowded theater (when there isn’t one)

“The question in every case [about free speech] is whether the words used are used in such circumstances . . . as to create a ___________________________________ that they will bring about the substantive evils that Congress has a right to prevent.” – majority opinion

1. Do you agree with Schenck’s argument about the draft? Why or why not?

2. Do you agree with the Court’s decision? Why or why not?

3. What do you think the founding fathers would have to say about this?

4. Does the case contradict Wilson’s war message in any way?

African Americans During the War Approximately 400,000 African Americans took advantage of the industrial boom, ___________________________________—

The Great Migration 13% of army was African American; army remained __________________________ Most African American men and women showed great patriotism, hoping to see changes in race relations after the war

Women during the War Thousands served as nurses and secretaries ______________ joined workforce; 8 mill. moved from low-wage service jobs for

higher paying industrial work, though many were lost once war ended Used patriotism to help win the ballot

o ___________________________________ at the White House led to arrests, drawing attention to the suffrage movement

o ________________________ Wilson switched his position; supported the right of women to vote in 1918 as a war measure

o In 1920, the ______ Amendment was added to the Constitution

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The Russian RevolutionRussian Revolution—U.S. Response Unpopular and autocratic Czar Nicholas II stepped down after a massive strike in

1917 (right before U.S. declaration of war) A provisional democratic government took over but made the fatal error of staying

in the unpopular war ____________________________ Revolution in 1917 Leninist Russia exited the war Civil War from 1918-’20 between the “whites” (anti-communist forces) and “reds”

(Lenin’s supporters) with the Allied Powers aiding the “whites” ___________ won

Allied Powers were furious:o Bolshevik ideology was at odds with the “democratic” allieso Russia out of the war was great news for Germany (no longer a

_____________________) The first Red Scare (1917-’25) began:

o ________________________________: series of arrests and deportations of communists, Russian-sympathizers, and labor organizers

o Socialists discriminated againsto _________________________ campaign

Aftermath of WarCost & Legacy of the War _____ million casualties worldwide Devastating economic and environmental impact on Europe Traumatized soldiers Conflict in the _______________________________ Treaty of Versailles led to:

o An increase in anti-colonial and _______________________________________ sentimento Growth of ________________________ in China o Rise of __________________ in Germany and fascism in Italy

America became the financial capital of the world

The Lost Generation Enormous suffering / apparent ____________________________ of war left a deep mark: a sense of cynicism, distrust, and

disappointment settled over survivors—an _________________________________ Horrors of war shattered the Enlightenment belief that progress would continue and reason would prevail Faith in the moral guideposts that had earlier given them hope were no longer valid; people were “lost”

____________________________________ that many people experienced are reflected in the art and literature of the timeo Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, T.S. Eliot

From “The Hollow Men” by T.S. Eliot:o We are the hollow men

We are the stuffed men Leaning together Headpiece filled with straw Our dried voices, when We whisper together Are quiet and meaningless This is the way the world endsNot with a bang but a whimper.

5. How does the poem above reflect the attitudes of the “Lost Generation”?

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“A Peace Built on Quicksand”See Wilson’s 14 Points, 1918

Visions for the Post-War Period After signing an armistice, the Allies looked to settle the peace met at

Versailles to draft a treaty Wilson hoped to use his _________________________ to establish peace

o Free trade; freedom of the seas; self-determination; creation of an organization to prevent war; reduction of armies/navies

The ___________________________ share his optimismo Wanted to ___________________________________________

for national security reasons and revenge

Treaty of Versailles, 1919 Despite Wilson’s hopes, the peace conference was

___________________________________, incorporating very few of his 14 Points, and none in their entirety

Many felt “wronged,” which would play a role in anti-U.S./British/French sentiment around the globe (China, Russia, Germany, etc.)

The Treaty of Versailles destroyed Germany as a world powero Germans were outraged and _____________________________

the document until they were threatenedo Terms caused resentment and economic hardship led to WWII

Treaty of Versailles, 1919Military Restrictions War Guilt Territorial Losses League of Nations

German army _________________ limited: could not import/manufacture weapons/war materials, build/buy submarines, or maintain an air force

Germany forced to take ________________________________for war; $33 billion in reparations

Germany forced to return land to _________________, give land to __________________, and surrender colonies, which were divvied up among __________________ powers

International peace organization was established; ______________________ were not permitted to join; America refused to join

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League of Nations: Wilson’s 14th Point“A general association of nations must be formed . . . for the purpose of affording mutual ____________________________________________________________________. . . . [W]e feel ourselves to be intimate partners of all the governments and peoples associated together _____________________ the Imperialists. . . . For such arrangements and covenants we are willing to fight and to continue to fight until they are achieved; but only because we wish the right to prevail and desire a just and stable peace such as can be secured only by removing the chief provocations to war . . . .”

Objectives of the League of Nations Guarantee independence and territorial integrity of all countries (ha!) __________________ disputes Supervise arms ____________________ Curb aggressor nations through ______________________________________:

Article X (ha!)

See League of Nations Covenant

League of Nations Controversy

Article X: “The Members of the League undertake to respect and preserve as against external aggression the territorial integrity and existing political independence of all Members of the League. In case of any such aggression or in case of any threat or danger of such aggression the Council shall advise upon the means by which this obligation shall be fulfilled.”

“____________________________” Senators opposed the League of Nations, and thus, the Treaty of Versailles, mostly due to their _____________________________________________________________; wouldn’t it prevent the U.S. from pursuing an independent foreign policy?

o “Is the nation willing to have the youth of America ordered to war by an international body!?” – Senator _____________________________

o The “Lodge Treaty” made the U.S. exempt from Article X Racism also played a role in objections to the LON

o Some were determined to preserve US sovereignty and supremacy

Wilson though Article X was the most important part of the League; traveled the country trying to win support; would not compromise

Senate rejected the Treaty (and thus, the League), ___________ Once established, the League proved itself to be a ______________

See TOV and LON DBQ Materials

8Hitler as a soldier in WWI