central dogma
DESCRIPTION
Slides for the discussion on DNA, RNA and protein.TRANSCRIPT
The Core
The Core for
Heredity
Heritable traitsare governed by geneswhich are passed fromone generation to the next
12.3 - 12.5, 13.1 - 13.2
11.3 - 11.5, 12.1 - 12.2
The Core for the
CentralDogma
Biological information flowsfrom DNA to RNA to proteins.
A way to think aboutthis flow of information
DNA RNAà Proteinà
Bread Pudding
2 cups whole milk (or 2 cups half & half)1/4 cup butter2/3 cup brown sugar (light or dark, depending on taste preference)3 eggs2 teaspoons cinnamon1/4 teaspoon ground nutmeg1 teaspoon vanilla extract3 cups bread, torn into small pieces (french bread works best)1/2 cup raisins (optional)
1. In medium saucepan, over medium heat, heat milk (or half & half) just until film forms over top. Combine butter and milk, stirring until butter is melted. Cool to lukewarm.
2. Combine sugar, eggs, cinnamon, nutmeg, and vanilla. Beat with an electric mixer at medium speed for 1 minute. Slowly add milk mixture.
3. Place bread in a lightly greased 1 1/2 quart casserole.
4. Sprinkle with raisins if desired. Pour batter on top of bread.
5. Bake at 350 degrees F for 45 to 50 minutes or until set. Serve warm.
Making Stuff from Instructions
InstructionsTemplate
PrintedInstructionsà Final
Product à
Making Stuff from Instructions
InstructionsTemplate
PrintedInstructionsà Final
Product à
DNA RNAà Proteinà
DNA
RNAand
Base Pairing
TranscriptionMaking messenger RNA (mRNA) from DNA
Transcription
• TGGCAACTGATGCCAGCTCGGTCAA • •
• ACCGTTGACTACGGTCGAGCCAGTT • •• TGGCAACTGATGCCAGCTCGGTCAA • •
à• ACCGTTGACTACGGTCGAGCCAGTT • •à• UGGCAACU
• UGGCAACUGAUGCCAGCUCGGUCAA • •
Transcription
• TGGCAACTGATGCCAGCTCGGTCAA • •• UGGCAACU
• ACCGTTGACTACGGTCGAGCCAGTT • •• TGGCAACTGATGCCAGCTCGGTCAA • •
à
• UGGCAACUGAUGCCAGCUCGGUCAA • •
• ACCGTTGACTACGGTCGAGCCAGTT • •à
Transcription
• TGGCAACTGATGCCAGCTCGGTCAA • •• UGGCAACU
• ACCGTTGACTACGGTCGAGCCAGTT • •• TGGCAACTGATGCCAGCTCGGTCAA • •
à
• UGGCAACUGAUGCCAGCUCGGUCAA • •
• ACCGTTGACTACGGTCGAGCCAGTT • •à
mRNA
Transcription
• TGGCAACTGATGCCAGCTCGGTCAA • •• UGGCAACU
• ACCGTTGACTACGGTCGAGCCAGTT • •• TGGCAACTGATGCCAGCTCGGTCAA • •
à
• UGGCAACUGAUGCCAGCUCGGUCAA • •
• ACCGTTGACTACGGTCGAGCCAGTT • •à
template strand
How do we go from sequences of nucleotides to sequences of amino acids?
There are four kinds of nucleotides in mRNA
There are twenty kinds of amino acids in proteins
CodonsTri-nucleotide sequences that code for an amino acid
http://evolution-textbook.org/content/free/figures/02_EVOW_Art/26_EVOW_CH02.jpg
Reading Frame[A] way of breaking a sequence of nucleotides in DNA or RNA into three letter codons which can be translated in amino acids.
There are 3 possible reading frames in an mRNA strand: each reading frame corresponding to starting at a different alignment.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading_frame
• UGGCAACUGAUGCCAGCUCGGUCAA • •
UGGCAACUGAUGCCAGCUCGGUCAA• • •
UGGCAACUGAUGCCAGCUCGGUCAA• • •
UGGCAACUGAUGCCAGCUCGGUCAA• • •
[ [ [ [ [ [ [ [
[ [ [ [ [ [ [ [
[ [ [ [ [ [ [ [
Reading Frame
Reading Frame
UGGCAACUGAUGCCAGCUCGGUCAA• • •[ [ [ [ [
TranslationMaking proteins from mRNA
UGGCAACUGAUGCCAGCUCGGUCAA• • •[ [ [ [ [
Met Pro Ala Arg Ser • • •
Translation
UGGCAACUGAUGCCAGCUCGGUCAA• • •[ [ [ [ [Met Pro Ala Arg Ser • • •
• TGGCAACTGATGCCAGCTCGGTCAA • •• UGGCAACU
• ACCGTTGACTACGGTCGAGCCAGTT • •• TGGCAACTGATGCCAGCTCGGTCAA • •
à• UGGCAACUGAUGCCAGCUCGGUCAA • •
• ACCGTTGACTACGGTCGAGCCAGTT • •à
Now let’s look at the physical processes ofthe Central Dogma
Reverse Transcriptase
Proteins are synthesizedfrom mRNAby the ribosome
Reverse Transcriptase
The Ribosome
tRNA secondarystructure
tRNA tertiary
structure
tRNA in a simplified depiction
Translation in a simplified depiction
DNAReplication
DNA is replicated semi-conservatively by DNA polymerase
Figure 6-6 Essential Cell Biology (© Garland Science 2010)
Base Pairingis at the heartof DNA replication
The Central Dogma and Genetic Codeare Universal
Class ActivityDNA: 7 people
RNA polymerase: 1 person
mRNA: 7 people
tRNA: 3 people
Ribosome: 1 person
Amino Acids: 3 people
Mutations…changes in a genomic sequence: the DNA sequence of a cell's genome or the DNA or RNA sequence of a virus.
Mutations are caused by radiation, viruses, transposons and mutagenic chemicals, as well as errors that occur during meiosis or DNA replication.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutation
Some Mutationsare like copying errors.are like copying errors.are like copying errors.are like copying errors.are like capying errors.are like capying errers.are like capying errers.are like capying errers.
Data Corruption
Kinds of MutationsSubstatutionexchange of a single nucleotide fur another
Insaertionaddition of one or moare extra nucleotides
Dletionremoval of one or mre nucleotides
Kinds of MutationsAmplificationAmplificationmultiple copies of all chromosomal regions, increasing the dosage of the genes located within them
noisrevnIportions of DNA get flipped around
Point Mutationsare like typos.
Point MutationsSubstatutionexchange of a single fur another
Insaertionaddition of one extra nucleotides
Dletionremoval of one nucleotides
Silentdoesn’t change the amino acidthe original codon coded for
Miscensechanges the amino acid she original codon coded for
Non.senseresults in a stop. codonthat prematurely ends translation
Frameshift Mutation
[A] genetic mutation caused by insertions or deletions of a number of nucleotides that is not evenly divisible by three from a DNA sequence. Due to the triplet nature of gene expression by codons, the insertion or deletion can change the reading frame (the grouping of the codons), resulting in a completely different translation from the original.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frameshift_mutation
A genetic mutation caused by insertions or deletions of a number of nucleotides that is not evenly divisible by three from a DNA sequence.
e neticmu tationca usedby insertionsor deletionsof anu mberof nucleotidesth atis notev enlydi visibleby threefr oma DNAse quence.
0101011100010011010001101
1100100110001010001011011
1001000101000110100111001
0101001101010101010101110
0010011010001101110010011
0001010001011011100101001
0101100110100100110010101
0011011100010011010100110
1110010011000101000101101
1100100011101010001101001
110010101001101…
0101011100010011010001101
1100100110001010001011011
1001000101000110100111001
0101001101010101010101100
0100110100011011100100110
0010100010110111001010010
1011001101001001100101010
0110111000100110101001101
1100100110001010001011011
1001000111010100011010011
10010101001101…
• • •GCAACUGAUGCCAGCUCGGUCAAUAG
• • •GCAACUGAUGCCAGUCGGUCAAUAGC
What kind of mutation is this?
• • •GCAACUGAUGCCAGCUCGGUCAAUAG
• • •GCAACUGAUGCCAGUCGGUCAAUAGC
What kind of mutation is this?
[ [ [ [ [
Met Pro Ala Arg Ser Ile
[
[ [ [ [ [
Met Pro Val Gly Pro stop
[
• • •GCAACUGAUGCCAGCUCGGUCAAUAG
• • •GCAACUGAUGCCGGCUCGGUCAAUAG
What kind of mutation is this?
• • •GCAACUGAUGCCAGCUCGGUCAAUAG
• • •GCAACUGAUGCCGGCUCGGUCAAUAG
What kind of mutation is this?
[ [ [ [ [
Met Pro Ala Arg Ser Ile
[
[ [ [ [ [
Met Pro Ala Arg Ser Ile
[
• • •GCAACUGAUGCCAGCUCGGUCAAUAG
• • •GCAACUGAUGCCAACUCGGUCAAUAG
What kind of mutation is this?
• • •GCAACUGAUGCCAGCUCGGUCAAUAG
• • •GCAACUGAUGCCAACUCGGUCAAUAG
What kind of mutation is this?
[ [ [ [ [
Met Pro Thr Arg Ser Ile
[
[ [ [ [ [
Met Pro Ala Arg Ser Ile
[
Bread Pudding
2 cups whole milk (or 2 cups half & half)
1/4 cup butter
2/3 cup brown sugar (light or dark, depending on taste preference)
3 eggs
2 teaspoons cinnamon
1/4 teaspoon ground nutmeg
1 teaspoon orange extract
3 cups bread, torn into small pieces (french bread works best)
1/2 cup raisins (optional)
1. In medium saucepan, over medium heat, heat milk (or half & half) just until film forms
over top. Combine butter and milk, stirring until butter is melted. Cool to lukewarm.
2. Combine sugar, eggs, cinnamon, nutmeg, and vanilla. Beat with an electric mixer at
medium speed for 1 minute. Slowly add milk mixture.
3. Place bread in a lightly greased 1 1/2 quart casserole.
4. Sprinkle with raisins if desired. Pour batter on top of bread.
5. Bake at 350 degrees F for 45 to 50 minutes or until set. Serve warm.
DNA Probesare like search terms.
Met Pro Ala Arg Ser Ala Cys • • •
Find the genefor this protein…
ATCGCAACTGATGCCAGCTCGGTCAATAGGCTGAACTGTTCAAGGCTCAGTCGAGTACT
AGGTCAGGCTTGCACTACTGCCGTCTATCG
• • •CCTACTGGGTGCCAAGGGTCATGATGA• • •TTGAAACTGGTGCCAAGGGTCATGAUG
in a long DNA sequence
Met Pro Ala Arg Ser • • •
http://evolution-textbook.org/content/free/figures/02_EVOW_Art/26_EVOW_CH02.jpg
AUGCCAGCACGAUCA • • •
[ [ [ [ [ Met Pro Ala Arg Ser • • •
CCUCCGCCC
GCUGCGGCC
CGUCGGCGCAGAAGG
ATCGCAACTGATGCCAGCTCGGTCAATAGGCTGAACTGTTCAAGGCTCAGTCGAGTACT
AGGTCAGGCTTGCACTACTGCCGTCTATCG
• • •CCTACTGGGTGCCAAGGGTCATGATGA• • •TTGAAACTGGTGCCAAGGGTCATGAUG
CCAGCTCGGT • • •
CCTGCACGAT • • •CCTGCTCGGT • • •
CCTGCCCGGT • • •
ATCGCAACTGATGCCAGCTCGGTCAATAG
GCTGAACTGTTCAAGGCTCAGTCGAGTACT
AGGTCAGGCTTGCACTACTGCCGTCTATCG
• • •CCTACTGGGTGCCAAGGGTCATGATGA• • •TTGAAACTGGTGCCAAGGGTCATGAUG
GGTCGAGCCAGTT • • •
DNA probes are usually 100 - 1000 nucleotides long