Centre for Astroparticle Physics and Space Sciences –

A National Facility at Bose Institute(A project under IRHPA Scheme)

Sibaji RahaBose Institute

Kolkata

Acharya J.C. Bose (1858 – 1937)Acharya J.C. Bose (1858 – 1937)

““Thus the lines of physics, of Thus the lines of physics, of physiology and psychology converge physiology and psychology converge

and meet. And here will assemble and meet. And here will assemble those who would seek oneness those who would seek oneness

amidst the manifold”amidst the manifold” – Acharya J.C.Bose– Acharya J.C.Bose

Genesis & MissionGenesis & Mission

• Drawn by Nationalist zeal, Drawn by Nationalist zeal, Missionary vision, Missionary vision, Faith in the ability of IndiansFaith in the ability of Indians

Not merely a laboratory but a templeNot merely a laboratory but a temple• 1896 – visit to Royal Institution, London1896 – visit to Royal Institution, London

Took firm roots of the IdeaTook firm roots of the Idea• 1915 – Retirement from Education Service1915 – Retirement from Education Service• 1917 – Bose Institute was Founded1917 – Bose Institute was Founded

““And in this country through And in this country through millenniums, there always have been millenniums, there always have been some who, beyond the immediate and some who, beyond the immediate and

absorbing prize of the hour, sought for absorbing prize of the hour, sought for the realization of the highest ideal of life the realization of the highest ideal of life – not through passive renunciation, but – not through passive renunciation, but

through active struggle”through active struggle”

““The advancement of science is the The advancement of science is the principal object of the Institute, andprincipal object of the Institute, and

also the diffusion of knowledge”also the diffusion of knowledge”

“ “ In this institute…the claim of art has In this institute…the claim of art has not been forgotten, for the artist has been not been forgotten, for the artist has been

working with us, from foundation to working with us, from foundation to pinnacle and from floor to ceiling of this pinnacle and from floor to ceiling of this

very hall….very hall….

““And beyond the arch, the laboratory merges And beyond the arch, the laboratory merges imperceptibly into the garden which is true imperceptibly into the garden which is true laboratory for the study of life. There the laboratory for the study of life. There the

creepers, the plants and trees are played upon creepers, the plants and trees are played upon by natural environment, sunlight and wind… by natural environment, sunlight and wind… and where they will be subjected to chromatic and where they will be subjected to chromatic action of different lights, to invisible rays, to action of different lights, to invisible rays, to

electrified ground or thunder-charged electrified ground or thunder-charged atmosphere.”atmosphere.”

““India is drawn into the vortex of India is drawn into the vortex of international competition. She has to international competition. She has to

become efficient in every way – become efficient in every way – through spread of education, through spread of education,

through performance of civic duties and through performance of civic duties and responsibilities, through activities both responsibilities, through activities both industrial and commercial. Neglect of industrial and commercial. Neglect of these essentials of national duty will these essentials of national duty will

imperil her very existence.”imperil her very existence.” – Acharya J.C.Bose– Acharya J.C.Bose

Origin

1. In-house expertise : Need for consolidation

2. Darjeeling Campus : Location & Opportunities (a) Cosmic Ray (b) Atmospheric Chemistry (c) Radiometric studies

Four major programmes

1. Cosmic ray studies at high altitude

2. Changing airspace environment in Eastern Himalayas

3. Children’s science resource centre

4. Manpower development – training programmes

Cosmic Ray studies

Quark Symbol Spin Charge Baryon Number

Mass (GeV)

Up u 1/2 2/3 1/3 0.006

Down d 1/2 -1/3 1/3 0.010

Strange s 1/2 -1/3 1/3 0.150

Charm c 1/2 2/3 1/3 1.500

Bottom b 1/2 -1/3 1/3 5.100

Top t 1/2 2/3 1/3 175.0

Electrons – electric cherge - EM force – Photon

Quarks - Colour Charge - Strong force – Gluon

Quark – three colours - Red , Blue , Green

Gluons – eight - red + anti-blue and other combinations

Mesons – quark+antiquark – colour+anticolour – WHITE

Baryons – three quarks – red+blue+green - WHITE

H- matter P.T. Q – matterSQM Ground state of matterFirst idea : Bodmer (1971)Resurrected : Witten (1984)

Stable SQM : Conflict with experience ????

2-flavour energy > 3-flavourLowering due to extra Fermi well

Stable QM 3-flavour matterStable SQM significant amount s quarks

For nuclei high order of weak interaction to convert u & d to s

SQM & Strangelet Search : SQM : 1. Early universe quark-hadron phase transition Quark nugget MACHO 2. Compact stars (Core of Neutron Stars or Quark Stars)

Strangelets :

1. Heavy Ion Collision Short time Much smaller size A ~ 10-20 Stability Problem at high temperature 2. Cosmic Ray events : Collision of Strange stars or other strange objects Shower

Detection of strangelets

Propagation mechanism of strangelets

How far can it travel through atmosphere

How does it interact with atmosphere ?

Important observations

Stability of strange matter

Small positive charge massive s quark Z/A 1

Remarks :

Detection of strangelets : Passive detectors

Active detectors : Air shower studies in collaboration

Study ofChanging airspace environment

in Eastern Himalayas

Indo-Gangetic plane : Agricultural as well as Industrial activity Source of atmospheric pollutants Vulnerable place from changing environment

Himalaya is subject to (a) emissions from IGP regions (b) pollutants transported from long distances

Himalaya : Unique place to monitor airspace environment

Eastern Himalaya : wet with rich forest cover and lesser population

Western Himalaya : dry, scanty forest cover and high population

Monitoring stations :

Mostly in western Himalaya

North Bengal University, Siliguri

Darjeeling2500 meters

Kathmandu ICIMOD-UCSD Station

Sandakphu4200 meters

Pyramid Station

5034 meters

Eastern Himalaya Monitoring stations

Eastern Himalayas

Radio Environment

Chemical, Physical, and Radio Mapping of the region

Air Pollutant Dispersal 3-D Chemical Modeling

23.8 GHz (Water Vapour)31.4 GHz (Liquid Water)Distrometers (DSD)

Monitoring of trans-boundary pollutants

Physical Environment

3-D Trajectories

Met Data

Chemical Environment

H2O: mm wavesO3, CO, NOx, SO2: Trace

SpeciesAerosols: Scattering/

Absorbing

Emission Inventories

Project II-AI (IITM)Atmospheric Chemistry-Aerosol-Climate Interaction

• Objectives * To monitor physical, chemical and optical characteristics of aerosols under different air mass situations

 * To investigate the role of radiative forcing of aerosols in the climate system using experimental observations and model computations * To assess the influence of terrain / meteorological conditions on aerosol parameters

Project II-AII (NPL)Chemical behaviour of aerosols, greenhouse gases, trajectory analysis and impact of particulate matter

loading on human health

• Objectives * To monitor greenhouse gases and pollutants for understanding trans-boundary flow  * To investigate the chemical characteristics of aerosols and back trajectory analysis for source apportionment * To assess the impacts of particulate matter loading on human health

Expected outcome• Mass-size distribution of aerosols • Monthly, seasonal and diurnal variation of aerosol, trace and

green house gas, partulate matter concentrations• Influence of meteorological parameters on air pollutants• Chemical composition of precipitation and aerosols• Impacts of aerosol loading on atmospheric radiative forcing • Trans-boundary flow of pollutants • Impact of pollutants on regional climate• Relation between atmospheric pollution loading and human

health hazards

• Various measurements, as mentioned below, will be undertaken. Continuous monitoring will take place at the Darjeeling site and measurements at Siliguri and Sandakphu will be made in campaign mode. These measurements at varying altitudes will provide some information about height profiles.

• Atmospheric surface ozone • Columnar ozone (indirect)• Radiation measurements including UV radiation• Trace and Green House gases (NO2, SO2, NOx, SOx, CO,

CO2, CH4 and N2O)• Physical and chemical characteristics of Aerosols

(Scattering/absorbing) including carbonaceous aerosols• Precipitation chemistry• Biogenic organic particulate matter• Meteorological Parameters

Project II-B

STUDIES ON ATMOSPHERIC WATER VAPOUR AND CLOUD LIQUID

WATER USING DUAL FREQUENCY RADIOMETER AND RELATED

RAIN/FOG ENVIRONMENT AT THE HIGH ALTITUDE STATION AT

DARJEELING

• IWV and LWP with a dual-frequency radiometer operating at 23.8 and 31.4 GHz.

• Rain attenuation over earth-space paths by receiving satellite signals at Ku/Ka bands.

• Rain rate with an optical rain-gauge• Rain drop size distribution with a Disdrometer.

The following studies are proposed with the above-mentioned experimental measurements:

• Variation of atmospheric water vapour, cloud liquid water content with time season, season, and their relationship with surface weather parameters, such as, temperature, relative humidity etc.

• Modelling of cloud liquid water content and comparison of the derived model with the available global models.

• To indicate the inter-relationship between IWP and LWP• To relate the rain attenuation over earth-space paths with the rain rate at

the receiving site of satellite signal that will give an integrated picture of rain rate over the satellite path.

• To relate rain DSD with radiometric observations during rain. Also, rain DSD will provide liquid water content in rain, which may be related with IWV and LWP. These integrated measurements will be used to study the interrelation among cloud liquid water, water vapour and rain at Darjeeling

Children’s Science Resource Centre

1. Formation of science clubs in schools

2. Train them to record local meteorological data

3. Once in a month meeting, recording of data taken by students in the central data base

4. Train some of the interested students for cosmic ray experiments

5. Introductory level lectures by scientists

Manpower development

Workshops and summer schools on various aspects of the : cosmic ray physics Instrumentation Environmental science Weather modeling studies Numerical simulation with hands-on trainingAimed at : Masters level and beginning doctoral students

Thank You

Cosmic rays Cosmic rays are high

energy charged particles, originating in outer space, that travel at nearly the speed of light and strike the Earth from all directions.

Cosmic ray ions at the top of the energy range produce in the atmosphere showers of many millions of fragments, covering many acres, and their more energetic fragments register even in deep mines, a mile underground. back