ceramic tiles for floors
TRANSCRIPT
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CERAMIC
AND
MOSAIC
TILES
FOR
FLOO
PROJ
ECT SUPERVISOR: PROF.DR.AFZAL JAVED
EXTERNAL EXAMINAR:
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CERAMIC AND
MOSAIC
TILES FOR
FLOOR
Submitted To: Dr. Muhammad Afzal Javed
Prepared By: Khalid Yousaf BSCE01113094
Inayat Sarwary BSCE01113233
Faramarz BSCE01113239
Sayed Ahmad BSCE01113240
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Presentation flow
INTRODUCTION
OF
TILES
PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES
OF
THE
TILES
TYPES
OF
TILES
MOSAIC
TILES
MANUFACTURING
OF
MOSAIC
AND
CERAMIC
TILE
CERAMIC
TILES
IMPORTANT
TESTS
REQUIRED
ON
TILES
SELECTION
AND
MAINTENANCE
OF
TILES
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INTRODUCTION TO TILES
A
tile
is
a
manufactured
piece
of
hard
-
wearing material such as
ceramic, stone, metal, or even
glass,
generally
used
for
covering
roofs, floors, walls,
showers, or
other
objects
such
as
tabletops
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INTRODUCTION
Tiles are often used to form wall and floor coverings, and can rangefrom simple square tiles to complex mosaics. Tiles are most oftenmade of ceramic, typically glazed for internal uses and unglazed forroofing, but other materials are also commonly used, such as glass,cork, concrete and other composite materials, and stone
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TYPES OF TILES
Quarry Tile
Glazed Porcelain Tiles
Metal Tiles
Vitrified Tiles
Digital Tiles
Stone Tiles
Ceramic Tiles
Mosaic Tiles
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QUARRY TILES PORCELAIN TILE
made by the extrusion process fromnatural clay or shale’s. Quarry tile is
manufactured from clay in a manner
similar to bricks Usually coming in 13
to 19 mm
Porcelain tiles are ceramicused to cover floors and wa
absorption rate of less th
They can either be glazed o
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METAL TILEChoice of leading and designers from
around the world.
VITRIFIED TILE
Is a ceramic tile with very low porosity. It
is an alternative to marble and graniteflooring. Vitrified tiles are often used
outdoors due to their water and frost
resistance. Vitrified t
Metal til
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DIGITAL TILE
These tiles are created based on principles and
procedures similar to graphic art work andoffers photo-like high resolution impressions.
They give a unique look to the walls,
with unlimited designs possibilities, sharper
finishes and high resolution printing, digital
tiles is now becoming ceramic art for the walls.
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STONE TILE
Stone Art Tiles represents a wide range of tilesresembling stones ranging from traditional to
contemporary designs, varied patterns with
light to dark colors and matching the
specification of urban and small town house
holds. These tiles are cost effective and easy to
maintain as compared to natural stones
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE TILES
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PROPERTIES• RESISTANCE TO ABRASION
• FREEZE-RESISTANCE
• THERMAL SHOCK RESISTANCE
• BENDING STRENGTH AND BREAKING FORCE
• CHEMICAL RESISTANCE
• STAIN RESISTANCE
• PROPERTIES RELATED TO SAFETY
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RESISTANCE TO ABRASION
• It specifies the resistance of the tile to mechanical damage
resulting from the impact of the abrasive factor• The greater the hardness of the tile is, the lower its
susceptibility to scratching, wear and tear during walking and
abrasion
• It consists in the specification of the number of rotations of
the device that rubs the surface of the glazed tile after whichthe permanent traces of abrasion become visible
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FREEZE-RESISTANCE
The ceramic tiles, which are to be laid out at places exposed t
of negative temperatures
THERMAL SHOCK RESISTANCE
The ceramic tiles which can be subjected to the local sudden
change should have the declared thermal shock resistance conf
test according to PN-EN ISO 10545-9.
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BENDING STRENGTH AND BREAKING FORCE
To put it simply, these parameters specify at which stresssubject to breaking. It is a particularly important parametethe floor tiles
are subjected to significant mechanical loads, and abrasive tin places, where stresses caused by the movements of buildinoccur.
the test method specified in PN-EN ISO 10545-9.
CHEMICAL RESISTANCE Specifies the resistance of the tile to the impact of testin
daily use agents, salts for swimming pools as well as acids and
The tiles resistant to the chemical factors cannot be subjectunder the influence of these substances, e.g. a change in glThe test method specified in PN-EN ISO 10545-13.
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PROPERTIES RELATED TO SAFETY
• Mainly resistance to slipping, particularly
important in the case of tiles intended for
floors having contact with water, where
there is hazard of slipping, both in
residential and public utility premises
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MANUFACTURING OF
AND MOSAIC TI
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Background
• The production of tile dates back to ancient times and peop
the Egyptians, the Babylonians, and the Assyrians. For instaPyramid for the Pharaoh Djoser, built in ancient Egypt aro
contained colorful glazed tile.
• Later, tile was manufactured in virtually every major Euro
and in the United States. By the beginning of the twentiethwas manufactured on an industrial scale.
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Background
• Europe, Latin America, and the Far East are the largest pro
with Italy the leader at 16.6 million ft.2/day as of 1989. Fo(at 24.6 percent of the world market) are Spain (12.6 percen
Germany (both at 11.2 percent), and the United States (4.5 p
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SELECTION OF RAW MATERIALS
The raw materials used to form tile consist of
clay minerals mined from the earth's crust,
natural minerals such as feldspar that are usedto lower the firing temperature, and
chemical additives required for the shaping
process
The minerals are often refined or beneficiated
near the mine before shipment to the ceramic
plant
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clay
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Batching
• For many ceramic products, including tile, the bod
determined by the amount and type of raw materials.
• The raw materials also determine the color of the tile
be red or white in color, depending on the amount of
raw materials used.
• Therefore, it is important to mix the right amounts tothe desired properties
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Mixing and grinding
• Once the ingredients are weighed, they are added tog
mixer, ribbon mixer, or intensive mixer. A shell mixe
cylinders joined into a V, which rotates to tumb
material.
• Sometimes it is necessary to add water to improve
multiple-ingredient batch as well as to achieve finprocess is called wet milling and is often performed usi
• The resulting water-filled mixture is called a slurry or
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Spray drying
• If wet milling is first used, the excess water is ususpray drying. This involves pumping the slurry
consisting of a rapidly rotating disk or nozzle
• . Droplets of the slip are dried as they are heated by
column, forming small, free flowing granules that re
suitable for forming.
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Forming
• Most tile is formed by dry pressing. In this method,powder — containing organic binder or a low percenta
flows from a hopper into the forming die.
• The material is compressed in a steel cavity by steel
then ejected by the bottom plunger. Automated press
operating pressures as high as 2,500 tons.
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Auto hydraulic tile press machinery
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Drying
Ceramic tile usually must be dried (at high relative humidity)after forming, especially if a wet method is used.
Drying, which can take several days, removes the water at a
slow enough rate to prevent shrinkage cracks
Continuous or tunnel driers are used that are heated using gas
or oil, infrared lamps, or microwave energy. Infrared drying isbetter suited for thin tile, whereas microwave drying works
better for thicker tile
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Glazing
• The glaze coating is comprised of liquid colored glass and is
applied and baked to the surface of the bisque under very
high temperatures.
• The liquid glass coating is what creates the texture, design
and color of a glazed tile and protects the body of the tile
from staining. The colors in the glaze come from various
minerals, such as zinc, mercury, copper, gold, silver, etc.
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Firing
• After glazing, the tile must be heated
intensely to strengthen it and give it
the desired porosity.
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Process flow
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CERAMIC STANDARD TESTS
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IMPORTANT TESTBREAKING STRENGTH CERAMIC TILE, ASTM C648-04
FRICTION
WATER ABSORPTION
SCRATCH HARDNESS
CHEMICAL RESISTANCE, ASTM C650-04
ABRASION RESISTANCE, ASTM C1027-99
INDUSTRY STANDARDS
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BREAKING STRENGTH CERAMIC TILEASTM C648-04
Ceramic tiles used on floors and walls
must be able to withstand the
expected load bearing capacity of various installations
A force is applied to an unsupported
portion of the tile specimen until
breakage occurs. The ultimate
breaking strength is then recorded in
pounds
Final selection of the tile should be
based upon the breaking strength
and the appropriate installation
method
MOR Testing M
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FRICTION
is the force that resists the
sliding motion of one surface
against another There are two types of friction:
static (SCOF) and dynamic
(DCOF)
SCOF is the ratio of forces
necessary to start two surfaces
sliding. This is what the former
ASTM C1028 static testmeasured
. DCOF is the ratio of forces
necessary to keep two surfaces
sliding.
MOR TESTING M
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WATER ABSORPTION:
Is measured using ASTM C373-88. Individual tiles
weighed, saturated with water, then weighed again
The percent difference between the two conditionreferred to as the water absorption value.
Tiles are classified according to water absorption percentages asfollows:
Impervious Tiles exhibiting 0.5% or less.
Vitreous Tiles exhibiting more than 0.5%but not more than 3.0%
Semi-Vitreous Tiles exhibiting more than 3.0% but not more than 7.0%
Non-Vitreous Tiles exhibiting more than 7.0%.
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SCRATCH HARDNESS (MOH'S SCALE RATINGS)
The relative hardness of glazed tile is an important iss
that should be addressed when selecting a tile
The test is performed by scratching the surface of the t
with different minerals and subjectively assigning
"MOH's Scale Hardness" number to the glaze
MOH’S RATINGS
the softest mineral used is talc ("1" rating), the hardest is a diamond ("10"
rating). Other minerals of varying hardness provide Moh's Scale Hardness
values of 5 to 7 are suitable for most residential floor applications. A value of
7 or greater is normally recommended for commercial applications.
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CHEMICAL RESISTANCE, ASTM C650-04
Chemical resistance is measured using ASTM C650-04
A tile sample is placed in continuous contact with a
variety of chemicals for 24 hours, rinsing the surface
and then examining the surface for visible variation.
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SELECTION AND MAINTENANCE OF CERAMI
WHICH IS BEST !!!
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What are the key factors to consider when specifyin
/ buying ceramic tiles as a flooring option?
• When specifying tiles, it is imperativethe area of use (floor or wall)
• condition of use (wet or dry, trafficexposure to hygrothermic stress: weathtemperature change, prolonged contactetc.).
• For floor that is often exposed to
instance the bathroom, and in contacand chemicals (e.g. bathroom and involving chemicals), the tiles should bchemical resistant.
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• For floor tiles subjected to high amou
such as public areas in shoppi
restaurants, meeting halls, hospitals,
factories the tiles chosen must be hamechanical strength, show high resistan
and slip as well as resistant to stain a
attack
• For public areas, heavy duty tiles such
tiles are preferred to glazed tiles beca
more compact and possess higher strength.
CERAMIC IMPORTANT FEATURES
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CERAMIC IMPORTANT FEATURES
• SAFETY
• HYGIENE
• EASE OF CLEANING
• COST
• SIZE
• COLOUR
• AESTHETIC
• GOOD INSULATOR
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SAFTY HYGIENE
fire-proof materials comparedto other flooring materials
They will not give off any toxic
gas or fume during a fire.
do not tend to accumulate
electrostatic charge
will not retain labsorb fumes,
smoke
The surface of
resistant to
agents such as ba
or microbes
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EASE OF CLEANING COST
Ceramic tiles do not retain dust
or residue as these particles will
not adhere to their surface.
Ceramic tiles are so easy to clean
and maintain
It is obvious that
the important fact
tiles
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AESTHETIC
Depending on a tile's design,shape and surface texture, it
can produce a large variety
of effects
simple, elegant, cool,
warm, modern, classic
MAINTENANCE
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MAINTENANCE
precautions have to be taken
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CLEANING PRODUCTS
CLEANING METHODS
ABRASIVE DIRT
IMPACT
PRECAUTIONS HAVE TO BE TAKEN
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CLEANING PRODUCTS
Use appropriate cleaning products, such as
standard commercial tile care products for
cleaning.
Avoid using acid based detergents that are
very harsh and corrosive
. Cleaning agents containing hydrofluoric or
fluoric compounds should be avoided
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CLEANING METHODS
When cleaning, try to avoid the use of highly
abrasive materials like scouring pads or metalpads
Clean all spills immediately. The longer the spills stand,
the greater the possibility of staining to the tile
surface.
ABRASIVE DIRT
Sweep away any grit or sand from the tiled
surface as they can scratch the glaze
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IMPACT
Do not drag heavy objects such as furniture
or crates across the tiled floor
Every effort should be made to prevent
heavy objects from dropping onto the tiles.
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