cerebellum anatomy
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CerebellumCerebellumCerebellumCerebellum
Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of MedicineDepartment of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine
Won Taek LeeWon Taek Lee, , M.D. Ph.DM.D. Ph.D..
Cerebellum Cerebellum External ConfigurationsExternal Configurations Cerebellum Cerebellum External ConfigurationsExternal Configurations
- located in - located in posterior cranial fossaposterior cranial fossa- tentorium cerebelli (cerebrum), 4th ventricle (brain stem)- tentorium cerebelli (cerebrum), 4th ventricle (brain stem)- communicate with other structure via- communicate with other structure via superior, middle, and inferior cerebellar pedunclesuperior, middle, and inferior cerebellar peduncle
- - longitudinal divisionlongitudinal division Vermis, Paravermal Region, Cerebellar HemisphereVermis, Paravermal Region, Cerebellar Hemisphere
- - transverse divisiontransverse division Anterior LobeAnterior Lobe ------------ ------------ primary fissureprimary fissure Posterior LobePosterior Lobe ------------ ------------ posterolateral fissureposterolateral fissure Flocculonodular Lobe Flocculonodular Lobe
Subdivision ofSubdivision of Flocculonodular Lobe Flocculonodular Lobe
Nodulus FlocculusNodulus Flocculus
Subdivision of Subdivision of Anterior LobeAnterior Lobe
Vermis HemisphereVermis Hemisphere
LingulaLingulaCentral Lobule Central Lobule Ala Central LobuleAla Central Lobule
postcentral fissurepostcentral fissure
Culmen Culmen Quadriangular LobuleQuadriangular Lobule
Cerebellum Cerebellum External ConfigurationsExternal Configurations Cerebellum Cerebellum External ConfigurationsExternal Configurations
Subdivision of Subdivision of Posterior LobePosterior Lobe
Vermis HemisphereVermis Hemisphere
Declive Declive Simple LobuleSimple Lobule
postcentral fissurepostcentral fissure
FoliumFolium Superior Semilunar LobuleSuperior Semilunar Lobule horizontal fissurehorizontal fissure
Inferior Semilunar LobuleInferior Semilunar Lobule Tuber Tuber Gracile LobuleGracile Lobule prepyramidal fissureprepyramidal fissure
Pyramis Pyramis Biventer LobuleBiventer Lobule
secondary fissuresecondary fissure
Uvula Uvula TonsilTonsil
Cerebellum Cerebellum External ConfigurationsExternal Configurations Cerebellum Cerebellum External ConfigurationsExternal Configurations
Cerebellar CortexCerebellar Cortex
Molecular LayerMolecular Layer Purkinje Cell LayerPurkinje Cell Layer Granular LayerGranular Layer
Corpus Medullare (Medullary Center)Corpus Medullare (Medullary Center)
Deep Cerebellar NucleiDeep Cerebellar Nuclei
Fastigial NucleiFastigial Nuclei Nucleus InterpositusNucleus Interpositus Emboliform NucleusEmboliform Nucleus Globose NucleusGlobose Nucleus Dentate NucleusDentate Nucleus
Cerebellum Cerebellum Internal ConfigurationsInternal Configurations Cerebellum Cerebellum Internal ConfigurationsInternal Configurations
1. fastigial 1. fastigial
nucleusnucleus
2. globose 2. globose
nucleusnucleus
3. emboliform 3. emboliform
nucleusnucleus
4. dentate 4. dentate
nucleusnucleus
Deep NucleiDeep Nuclei
Cerebellar CortexCerebellar Cortex
I. Molecular LayerI. Molecular Layer
Stellate Cell Stellate Cell --- taurine (inhibitory)--- taurine (inhibitory) afferent: afferent: parallel fiber parallel fiber efferent: Purkinje cell dendriteefferent: Purkinje cell dendrite Basket Cell Basket Cell ---- GABA (inhibitory)---- GABA (inhibitory) afferent: afferent: parallel fiberparallel fiber efferent: Purkinje cell somaefferent: Purkinje cell soma Parallel FiberParallel Fiber granule cell axongranule cell axon Purkinje Cell DendritePurkinje Cell Dendrite
Cerebellum Cerebellum Internal ConfigurationsInternal Configurations Cerebellum Cerebellum Internal ConfigurationsInternal Configurations
Cerebellar CortexCerebellar Cortex
II. Purkinje Cell LayerII. Purkinje Cell Layer
Purkinje Cell Purkinje Cell -- 15,000,000 in number-- 15,000,000 in number -- GABA (inhibitory)-- GABA (inhibitory) afferent: afferent: parallel fiber parallel fiber climbing fiberclimbing fiber stellate cellstellate cell basket cell basket cell efferent: efferent: deep cortical nucleideep cortical nuclei
Bergman’s glial cellBergman’s glial cell
Cerebellum Cerebellum Internal ConfigurationsInternal Configurations Cerebellum Cerebellum Internal ConfigurationsInternal Configurations
Cerebellar CortexCerebellar Cortex
III. Granular LayerIII. Granular Layer
Granular Cell Granular Cell -- 50,000,000,000 in number-- 50,000,000,000 in number -- glutamic acid (excitatory)-- glutamic acid (excitatory) afferent: afferent: mossy fibermossy fiber efferent: efferent: Purkinje cell dendritePurkinje cell dendrite basket cell, stellate cellbasket cell, stellate cell Golgi cellGolgi cell
Golgi CellGolgi Cell -- GABA (inhibitory)-- GABA (inhibitory) afferent: parallel fiber, mossy fiber rosetteafferent: parallel fiber, mossy fiber rosette efferent: granule cell dendriteefferent: granule cell dendrite
Cerebellum Cerebellum Internal ConfigurationsInternal Configurations Cerebellum Cerebellum Internal ConfigurationsInternal Configurations
1. Purkinje cell
2. granule cell
3. basket cell
4. Golgi cell
5. stellate cell
6. climbing fiber
7. mossy fiber
8. parallel fiber
9. inferior olivary nucleus
10. deep cerebellar nuclei
Synaptic GlomerulusSynaptic Glomerulus
Afferent terminals on granular layerAfferent terminals on granular layer
Mossy Fiber Rosette Mossy Fiber Rosette -- afferent fibers except-- afferent fibers except inferior olivary inputinferior olivary input -- 2/3 of medullary center-- 2/3 of medullary center
Granular Cell Dendrite Granular Cell Dendrite -- main afferent input -- main afferent input
Golgi Cell Axon Golgi Cell Axon -- synapse on granule cell dendrite-- synapse on granule cell dendrite -- GABA (inhibitory)-- GABA (inhibitory)
- - Surrounded by Surrounded by AstrocyteAstrocyte Foot Process Foot Process
Cerebellum Cerebellum Internal ConfigurationsInternal Configurations Cerebellum Cerebellum Internal ConfigurationsInternal Configurations
Synaptic GlomerulusSynaptic Glomerulus
Classification by Phylogenetic and Ontogenic DevelopmentClassification by Phylogenetic and Ontogenic Development
ArchicerebellumArchicerebellum PaleocerebllumPaleocerebllum NeocerebellumNeocerebellum
Classification by Afferent ConnectionClassification by Afferent Connection
VestibulocerebellumVestibulocerebellum SpinocerebellumSpinocerebellum PontocerebellumPontocerebellum
Classification by Efferent ConnectionClassification by Efferent Connection
VermisVermis Paravermal RegionParavermal Region Cerebellar HemisphereCerebellar Hemisphere
Cerebellum Cerebellum ClassificationsClassifications Cerebellum Cerebellum ClassificationsClassifications
Archicerebellum (nodulus)
Archicerebellum (flocculus) Paleocerebellum
Neocerebellum
Spinocerebellum
Pontocerebellum
Vestibulocerebellum
Afferent ConnectionsAfferent Connections (1): (1):
1. Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle1. Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle
Restiform BodyRestiform Body Posterior Spinocerebellar TractPosterior Spinocerebellar Tract Olivocerebellar tractOlivocerebellar tract Cuneocerebellar TractCuneocerebellar Tract Reticulocerebellar TractReticulocerebellar Tract
Juxtarestiform BodyJuxtarestiform Body Vestibulocerebellar TractVestibulocerebellar Tract Primary Vestyibular FiberPrimary Vestyibular Fiber
Cerebellum Cerebellum ConnectionsConnections Cerebellum Cerebellum ConnectionsConnections
Afferent ConnectionsAfferent Connections (2): (2):
2. Middle Cerebellar Peduncle2. Middle Cerebellar Peduncle
Pontocerebellar fiberPontocerebellar fiber Corticopontocerebellar FiberCorticopontocerebellar Fiber Reticulocerebellar FiberReticulocerebellar Fiber
3. Superior Cerebellar Peduncle3. Superior Cerebellar Peduncle
Anterior Spinocerebellar TractAnterior Spinocerebellar Tract Cerulocerebellar fiberCerulocerebellar fiber Raphecerebellar fiberRaphecerebellar fiber Rubrocerebellar fiberRubrocerebellar fiber Hypothalamocerebellar fiberHypothalamocerebellar fiber
Cerebellum Cerebellum ConnectionsConnections Cerebellum Cerebellum ConnectionsConnections
Efferent ConnectionsEfferent Connections : :
1. Superior Cerebellar Peduncle1. Superior Cerebellar Peduncle
Cerebellothalamic fiberCerebellothalamic fiber - from 3 deep nuclei to VPLo, VLc, CL- from 3 deep nuclei to VPLo, VLc, CL Cerebellorubral fiberCerebellorubral fiber - from nucleus interpositus - from nucleus interpositus and dentate nucleusand dentate nucleus ascending portion of ascending portion of uncinate fasciculus of Russelluncinate fasciculus of Russell 2. Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle2. Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle
Fastigiovestibular fiberFastigiovestibular fiber descending portion of descending portion of uncinate fasciculus of Russelluncinate fasciculus of Russell
Cerebellum Cerebellum ConnectionsConnections Cerebellum Cerebellum ConnectionsConnections
MLFMLF
Main Connections of the VestibulocerebellumMain Connections of the VestibulocerebellumMain Connections of the VestibulocerebellumMain Connections of the Vestibulocerebellum
lower motor neuronlower motor neuron
LMNLMN
vestibulospinal tractvestibulospinal tract
FASTIGIALFASTIGIAL NUCLEUSNUCLEUS
VestibularVestibular OrganOrgan FloculonodularFloculonodular
LobeLobe
VermisVermis
ARCHICEREBELLUMARCHICEREBELLUM
VESTIBULAR NUCLEUSVESTIBULAR NUCLEUS
Main Connections of the PaleocerebellumMain Connections of the PaleocerebellumMain Connections of the PaleocerebellumMain Connections of the Paleocerebellum
lower motor neuronlower motor neuron
SPINAL CORDSPINAL CORD
rubrospinal rubrospinal tracttract
NUCLEUSNUCLEUSINTERPOSITUSINTERPOSITUS
InferiorInferior OlivryOlivryNucleusNucleus
ANTERIOR ANTERIOR LOBELOBEPARAVERMAL PARAVERMAL ZONEZONE
PALEOCEREBELLUMPALEOCEREBELLUM
RED NUCRED NUCLEUSLEUS
spinocerebellar tractspinocerebellar tract
CEREBRALCEREBRAL CORTEXCORTEX
CEREBRALCEREBRAL CORTEXCORTEX
DENTATEDENTATENUCLEUSNUCLEUS
DENTATEDENTATENUCLEUSNUCLEUS
Main Connections of the NeocerebellumMain Connections of the NeocerebellumMain Connections of the NeocerebellumMain Connections of the Neocerebellum
lower motor neuronlower motor neuron
LMNLMN
pyramidal pyramidal tracttract POSTERIOR POSTERIOR
LOBELOBECEREBELLARCEREBELLAR HEMISPHEREHEMISPHERE
POSTERIOR POSTERIOR LOBELOBE
CEREBELLARCEREBELLAR HEMISPHEREHEMISPHERE
THALAMUSTHALAMUSTHALAMUSTHALAMUS
NEOCEREBELLUMNEOCEREBELLUM
PontinePontineNucleusNucleusPontinePontineNucleusNucleus
upper motor neuronupper motor neuron
UMNUMN
upper motor neuronupper motor neuron
UMNUMN
BASALBASALGANGLIAGANGLIABASALBASAL
GANGLIAGANGLIA
Pyramidal Tract and Associated CircuitsPyramidal Tract and Associated CircuitsPyramidal Tract and Associated CircuitsPyramidal Tract and Associated Circuits
lower motor neuronlower motor neuron
UMNUMN
lower motor neuronlower motor neuron
UMNUMN
pyramidal tractpyramidal tract
CerebellumCerebellumCerebellumCerebellum
ReticularFormation
ReticularFormation
CEREBELLUMCEREBELLUM
Cerebellum and Automatic Motor ControlCerebellum and Automatic Motor ControlCerebellum and Automatic Motor ControlCerebellum and Automatic Motor Control
Lower Motor Neuron (LMN)Lower Motor Neuron (LMN)Lower Motor Neuron (LMN)Lower Motor Neuron (LMN)
Motor CortexMotor Cortex
Red NucleusRed Nucleus
Vestibular Nucleus
Vestibular Nucleus
ProprioceptorsProprioceptorsProprioceptorsProprioceptors
Corticonuclear ConnectionsCorticonuclear Connections
A zone ---------- fastigial nucleusA zone ---------- fastigial nucleus medial vestibular nucleusmedial vestibular nucleusB zone ---------- lateral vestibular nucleusB zone ---------- lateral vestibular nucleus
CC11, C, C33 zone --- emboliform nucleus zone --- emboliform nucleusCC22 ---------------- globose nucleus ---------------- globose nucleus
DD11 ---------------- parvocellular portion of dentate nucleus ---------------- parvocellular portion of dentate nucleusDD22 ---------------- magnocellular portion of dentate nucleus ---------------- magnocellular portion of dentate nucleus
Cerebellum Cerebellum ConnectionsConnections Cerebellum Cerebellum ConnectionsConnections
1. vermis1. vermis
2. paravermal2. paravermal region region
3. cerebella hemisphere 3. cerebella hemisphere
4. nodulus4. nodulus
5. flocculus5. flocculus
6. fastigial6. fastigial nucleus nucleus
7. globose7. globose nucleus nucleus
8. emboliform8. emboliform nucleus nucleus
9. dentate9. dentate nucleus nucleus
10. medial vestibular nucleus 10. medial vestibular nucleus
11. lateral vestibular nucleus11. lateral vestibular nucleus
Olivocerebellar ConnectionsOlivocerebellar Connections
Caudal portion ofCaudal portion of medial and dorsal accessory olivary nucleusmedial and dorsal accessory olivary nucleus ----------------- vermis of cerebellar cortex (A and B)----------------- vermis of cerebellar cortex (A and B) fastigial nucleusfastigial nucleus vestibular nucleusvestibular nucleus
Rostral portion ofRostral portion of medial and dorsal accessory olivary nucleusmedial and dorsal accessory olivary nucleus ----------------- paravermal region (C----------------- paravermal region (C11, C, C22, C, C33)) nucleus interpositusnucleus interpositus
Principal Inferior Olivary NucleusPrincipal Inferior Olivary Nucleus
----------------- cerebellar hemisphere (D----------------- cerebellar hemisphere (D11, D, D22)) dentate nucleusdentate nucleus
Cerebellum Cerebellum ConnectionsConnections Cerebellum Cerebellum ConnectionsConnections
medial and dorsal accessory olivary nucleusmedial and dorsal accessory olivary nucleus
caudal portioncaudal portion rostral portion rostral portion Principal Principal Inferior Olivary Inferior Olivary
NucleusNucleus
CerebellumCerebellum FunctionFunction CerebellumCerebellum FunctionFunction
Maintenance of EquilibriumMaintenance of Equilibrium - balance, posture, eye movement - balance, posture, eye movement
Coordination of half-automatic movement ofCoordination of half-automatic movement of walking and posture maintenacewalking and posture maintenace - posture, gait - posture, gait
Adjustment of Muscle ToneAdjustment of Muscle Tone
Motor Leaning – Motor SkillsMotor Leaning – Motor Skills
Cognitive FunctionCognitive Function
BalanceBalance
Motor Skill Motor Skill
Pablo CasalsPablo CasalsPablo CasalsPablo Casals
CerebellumCerebellum Clinical SyndromesClinical Syndromes CerebellumCerebellum Clinical SyndromesClinical Syndromes
AtaxiaAtaxia: incoordination of movement: incoordination of movement - decomposition of movement- decomposition of movement - dysmetria, past-pointing- dysmetria, past-pointing - dysdiadochokinesia- dysdiadochokinesia - rebound phenomenon of Holmes- rebound phenomenon of Holmes - gait ataxia, truncal ataxia, titubation- gait ataxia, truncal ataxia, titubationIntentionIntention TremorTremorHypotonia, Hypotonia, NystagmusNystagmus
Archicerebellar LesionArchicerebellar Lesion: medulloblastoma: medulloblastomaPaleocerebellar LesionPaleocerebellar Lesion: gait disturbance: gait disturbanceNeocerebellar LesionNeocerebellar Lesion: hypotonia, ataxia, tremor: hypotonia, ataxia, tremor
PosturePostureGait – AtaxiaGait – Ataxia
TremorTremor
Cerebellar Cerebellar AtaxiaAtaxia
Ataxic gait and position: Ataxic gait and position: Left cerebellar tumorLeft cerebellar tumor
a. Sways to the right ina. Sways to the right in standing positionstanding position
b. Steady on the b. Steady on the right legright leg
c. Unsteady on the c. Unsteady on the left legleft leg
d. ataxic gaitd. ataxic gait
a b c
d
Cerebellar tumors on Cerebellar tumors on vermisvermis
- Truncal Ataxia- Truncal Ataxia
- Frequent Falling- Frequent Falling
The child in this picture:The child in this picture:
- would not try to stand - would not try to stand unsupportedunsupported
- would not let go of the bed rail- would not let go of the bed rail if she was stood on the floor.if she was stood on the floor.
Cerebellar Cerebellar MedulloblastomaMedulloblastoma