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Coordination of movements Cerebellum

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Page 1: Cerebellum - is.muni.cz · Developmental anatomy Afferents from vestib. labyrinth fish, amphibians Archi- cerebellum VESTIBULO - CEREBELLUM Afferents from spinal cord and

Coordination of movements

Cerebellum

Page 2: Cerebellum - is.muni.cz · Developmental anatomy Afferents from vestib. labyrinth fish, amphibians Archi- cerebellum VESTIBULO - CEREBELLUM Afferents from spinal cord and

Vermis

Hemispheres

Folia, lobuli, lobi

Page 3: Cerebellum - is.muni.cz · Developmental anatomy Afferents from vestib. labyrinth fish, amphibians Archi- cerebellum VESTIBULO - CEREBELLUM Afferents from spinal cord and

Pars flocculonodularis

Page 4: Cerebellum - is.muni.cz · Developmental anatomy Afferents from vestib. labyrinth fish, amphibians Archi- cerebellum VESTIBULO - CEREBELLUM Afferents from spinal cord and

Lobus ant.

Lobus post. Lobus

flocculonod.

Fissura

prima

Page 5: Cerebellum - is.muni.cz · Developmental anatomy Afferents from vestib. labyrinth fish, amphibians Archi- cerebellum VESTIBULO - CEREBELLUM Afferents from spinal cord and

Developmental anatomy

Afferents from

vestib. labyrinth

fish, amphibians

Archi-

cerebellum VESTIBULO -

CEREBELLUM

Afferents from

spinal cord and

brainstem

reptiles, birds,

mammals

SPINO -

CEREBELLUM

Afferents from

cortex

telencephali

PONTO -

CEREBELLUM

Neo-

cerebellum

Paleo-

cerebellum Paleo-

cerebellum

Page 6: Cerebellum - is.muni.cz · Developmental anatomy Afferents from vestib. labyrinth fish, amphibians Archi- cerebellum VESTIBULO - CEREBELLUM Afferents from spinal cord and

Grey matter

Cortex cerebelli

Nuclei cerebellares

Structure of the cerebellum

White matter

Subst. medullaris

laminae albae (arbor vitae)

Pedunculi cerebellares

Page 7: Cerebellum - is.muni.cz · Developmental anatomy Afferents from vestib. labyrinth fish, amphibians Archi- cerebellum VESTIBULO - CEREBELLUM Afferents from spinal cord and

1 ncl. dentatus

2 ncl. emboliformis

3 ncll. globosi

4 ncl. fastigii

4

3

2 1

Nuclei cerebelli

Page 8: Cerebellum - is.muni.cz · Developmental anatomy Afferents from vestib. labyrinth fish, amphibians Archi- cerebellum VESTIBULO - CEREBELLUM Afferents from spinal cord and

1 2 3

Spinocerebellum

Ponto

cerebellum

Vestibulocerebellum

1 median zone

3 lateral zone

2 paramedian zone

L. flocculonodularis

Page 9: Cerebellum - is.muni.cz · Developmental anatomy Afferents from vestib. labyrinth fish, amphibians Archi- cerebellum VESTIBULO - CEREBELLUM Afferents from spinal cord and

Spinocerebellum

Vestibulocerebellum

Vestibulocereb. ncll. vestibulares

Spinocereb. ncll. fastigii, emboliformes, globosi

Neocereb. ncl. dentatus

Ponto

cerebellum

Page 10: Cerebellum - is.muni.cz · Developmental anatomy Afferents from vestib. labyrinth fish, amphibians Archi- cerebellum VESTIBULO - CEREBELLUM Afferents from spinal cord and
Page 11: Cerebellum - is.muni.cz · Developmental anatomy Afferents from vestib. labyrinth fish, amphibians Archi- cerebellum VESTIBULO - CEREBELLUM Afferents from spinal cord and

Pedunculi cerebel. inf.

tr. sp-ce post., cuneo-ce, bulbo-ce, ve-ce, re-ce,

olivo-ce

from lobus flocculonodul. to ncll. vestibulares (tr. ce-

ve), to RF of the brainstem (tr. ce-re)

Pedunculi cerebel. medii

tr. ponto-ce

Pedunculi cerebel. sup.

tr. sp-ce ant., ru-ce a afferents from ncl. mesenceph.

CN V

from ncll. emboliformes, globosi and dentatus

Afferents : efferents = 40:1

Page 12: Cerebellum - is.muni.cz · Developmental anatomy Afferents from vestib. labyrinth fish, amphibians Archi- cerebellum VESTIBULO - CEREBELLUM Afferents from spinal cord and

Afferents to the cortex

cerebelli

from vestib. labyrinth

from spinal cord and

brainstem

from cortex of the brain

Efferents from the nuclei

to brainstem, thalamus

Pathways of the cerebellum

Page 13: Cerebellum - is.muni.cz · Developmental anatomy Afferents from vestib. labyrinth fish, amphibians Archi- cerebellum VESTIBULO - CEREBELLUM Afferents from spinal cord and

■ paleocerebellum > progressive movements (walking, swimming etc.)

■ neocerebellum > manipulative movements and speech

Function of the

cerebellum

■ archicerebellum > posture and eye movements

Page 14: Cerebellum - is.muni.cz · Developmental anatomy Afferents from vestib. labyrinth fish, amphibians Archi- cerebellum VESTIBULO - CEREBELLUM Afferents from spinal cord and

Ataxia inability to stand upright without support

Dysmetria „overshooting“ - the hand may travel

past the target

Dyssynergia incoordination

Adiadochokinesia inability to perform rapid

alternating movements

CEREBELLAR DISORDERS

Page 15: Cerebellum - is.muni.cz · Developmental anatomy Afferents from vestib. labyrinth fish, amphibians Archi- cerebellum VESTIBULO - CEREBELLUM Afferents from spinal cord and

■ thalamus

(metathalamus)

■ epithalamus

■ subthalamus

■ hypothalamus

DIENCEPHALON

Page 16: Cerebellum - is.muni.cz · Developmental anatomy Afferents from vestib. labyrinth fish, amphibians Archi- cerebellum VESTIBULO - CEREBELLUM Afferents from spinal cord and

Thalamus

■ tuberculum ant.

■ pulvinar

■ stria medullaris

(tela choroidea ventr. III.)

■ taenia choroidea

(tela choroidea ventr. lat.)

■ lamina affixa thalami

■ stria terminalis

(vena thalamostriata)

Page 17: Cerebellum - is.muni.cz · Developmental anatomy Afferents from vestib. labyrinth fish, amphibians Archi- cerebellum VESTIBULO - CEREBELLUM Afferents from spinal cord and

Metathalamus

1 corp. geniculatum med.

brachium colliculi inf. – colliculus inf.

2 corp. geniculatum lat.

brachium colliculi sup. – colliculus sup.

1 2

Page 18: Cerebellum - is.muni.cz · Developmental anatomy Afferents from vestib. labyrinth fish, amphibians Archi- cerebellum VESTIBULO - CEREBELLUM Afferents from spinal cord and

THALAMUS

relay station of ascending

pathways

involved in motor circuits

reciprocal connections to the

association areas of the cerebral

cortex – functions related to

memory, cognition, judgement,

mood

Page 19: Cerebellum - is.muni.cz · Developmental anatomy Afferents from vestib. labyrinth fish, amphibians Archi- cerebellum VESTIBULO - CEREBELLUM Afferents from spinal cord and

CGM CGL

CM

A

P

DM LD

LP VA

VL VP:

VPL

VPM

R

Anterior group

A ncll. ant.

Lateral group

dorsal row

ventral row

VA ncl. ventr. ant.

VL ncl. ventr. lat.

VP ncl. ventr. post.:

LD ncl. lat. dors.

LP ncl. lat. post.

VPL ncl. ventr. post-lat

VPM ncl. ventr. post-med

CGL ncl. corporis gen. lat.

CGM ncl. corporis gen. med.

Medial group

DM ncl. dorsomed.

Posterior group

P ncll. pulvinari,post.

Intralaminar group

CM ncl. centromed.

R ncll. reticulares

Page 20: Cerebellum - is.muni.cz · Developmental anatomy Afferents from vestib. labyrinth fish, amphibians Archi- cerebellum VESTIBULO - CEREBELLUM Afferents from spinal cord and

■ specific nuclei

somatosensory

sensory

motor

■ non-specific nuclei

■ association nuclei

Functional groups of nuclei

Page 21: Cerebellum - is.muni.cz · Developmental anatomy Afferents from vestib. labyrinth fish, amphibians Archi- cerebellum VESTIBULO - CEREBELLUM Afferents from spinal cord and

Specific nuclei

VPL

tr. sp-th

LM

VPM

tr. trig-th

tr. so-th (taste)

SS: VPL, VPM

S: CGM, CGL

M: VA, VL

auditory

pathway visual

pathway

CGL CGM

VA

VL

Page 22: Cerebellum - is.muni.cz · Developmental anatomy Afferents from vestib. labyrinth fish, amphibians Archi- cerebellum VESTIBULO - CEREBELLUM Afferents from spinal cord and

Non-specific nuclei

ncll. intralaminares

R

from FR of the brainstem and other thalamic

nuclei

to BG, thalamus, cortex (ARAS)

ncl. medianus

Page 23: Cerebellum - is.muni.cz · Developmental anatomy Afferents from vestib. labyrinth fish, amphibians Archi- cerebellum VESTIBULO - CEREBELLUM Afferents from spinal cord and

CORTEX

specific pathway non-specific pathway

Projection to the cortex through specific and

non-specific thalamic nuclei

Page 24: Cerebellum - is.muni.cz · Developmental anatomy Afferents from vestib. labyrinth fish, amphibians Archi- cerebellum VESTIBULO - CEREBELLUM Afferents from spinal cord and

Association nuclei

A

DM

LD LP

P

■ integration of GSA a SA inputs to cortex

■ reciprocal connections with the association

cortex

Page 25: Cerebellum - is.muni.cz · Developmental anatomy Afferents from vestib. labyrinth fish, amphibians Archi- cerebellum VESTIBULO - CEREBELLUM Afferents from spinal cord and

Function of association nuclei

Ncl. ant.

thalami

cortex cortex

Interconnection of association areas of the cortex

Page 26: Cerebellum - is.muni.cz · Developmental anatomy Afferents from vestib. labyrinth fish, amphibians Archi- cerebellum VESTIBULO - CEREBELLUM Afferents from spinal cord and
Page 27: Cerebellum - is.muni.cz · Developmental anatomy Afferents from vestib. labyrinth fish, amphibians Archi- cerebellum VESTIBULO - CEREBELLUM Afferents from spinal cord and

■ stria medullaris thalami

■ trigonum habenulae

■ commissura habenularum et post.

■ corpus pineale (epiphysis cerebri)

Epithalamus

Page 28: Cerebellum - is.muni.cz · Developmental anatomy Afferents from vestib. labyrinth fish, amphibians Archi- cerebellum VESTIBULO - CEREBELLUM Afferents from spinal cord and

Subthalamus

■ zona incerta

■ ncl. subthalamicus

■ part of subst. nigra

Involved in motor

circuits

Page 29: Cerebellum - is.muni.cz · Developmental anatomy Afferents from vestib. labyrinth fish, amphibians Archi- cerebellum VESTIBULO - CEREBELLUM Afferents from spinal cord and

Hypothalamus

Corp. mamillaria

Tuber cinereum

Infundibulum

Eminentia mediana

Hypophysis cerebri

Chiasma opticum

Page 30: Cerebellum - is.muni.cz · Developmental anatomy Afferents from vestib. labyrinth fish, amphibians Archi- cerebellum VESTIBULO - CEREBELLUM Afferents from spinal cord and
Page 31: Cerebellum - is.muni.cz · Developmental anatomy Afferents from vestib. labyrinth fish, amphibians Archi- cerebellum VESTIBULO - CEREBELLUM Afferents from spinal cord and

Hypothalamus

control of:

- ANS

- endocrine system

Hypothalamus

Function of the hypothalamus is related to: ■ regulation of vital functions that maintain homeostasis

■ regulation of emotions

Page 32: Cerebellum - is.muni.cz · Developmental anatomy Afferents from vestib. labyrinth fish, amphibians Archi- cerebellum VESTIBULO - CEREBELLUM Afferents from spinal cord and

Hypothalamic nuclei

at the frontal section

Periventricular row

III.

Lat. row

Lat. row

Med. row

Med. row

III. ventricle Fornix Fornix

Page 33: Cerebellum - is.muni.cz · Developmental anatomy Afferents from vestib. labyrinth fish, amphibians Archi- cerebellum VESTIBULO - CEREBELLUM Afferents from spinal cord and

ant. middle post.

Periventricul row:

ncl. suprachiasmat.

Medial row:

ncl. preopticus, ncl. supraopticus, ncl. ant., ncl.

paraventricularis

Hypothalamic nuclei - sagittal section

Anterior nuclei

Page 34: Cerebellum - is.muni.cz · Developmental anatomy Afferents from vestib. labyrinth fish, amphibians Archi- cerebellum VESTIBULO - CEREBELLUM Afferents from spinal cord and

Periventricular row: ncl. arcuatus

Medial row: ncl. ventromed. et ncl. dorsomed.

Middle nuclei

Page 35: Cerebellum - is.muni.cz · Developmental anatomy Afferents from vestib. labyrinth fish, amphibians Archi- cerebellum VESTIBULO - CEREBELLUM Afferents from spinal cord and

Periventricular + med. rows: ncl. post. et ncl. mamillaris

Posterior nuclei

Page 36: Cerebellum - is.muni.cz · Developmental anatomy Afferents from vestib. labyrinth fish, amphibians Archi- cerebellum VESTIBULO - CEREBELLUM Afferents from spinal cord and

White matter of the diencephalon

Fornix

Stria medullaris

Stria terminalis

FLD

Page 37: Cerebellum - is.muni.cz · Developmental anatomy Afferents from vestib. labyrinth fish, amphibians Archi- cerebellum VESTIBULO - CEREBELLUM Afferents from spinal cord and

Hypophysis cerebri

Lobus ant.

adenohypophysis

Pars intermedia

Lobus post.

neurohypophysis

(eminentia mediana

infundibular stalk

lobus post.)

Page 38: Cerebellum - is.muni.cz · Developmental anatomy Afferents from vestib. labyrinth fish, amphibians Archi- cerebellum VESTIBULO - CEREBELLUM Afferents from spinal cord and

Adenohypophysis

■ cells of adenohypophysis are stimulated or

inhibited by „releasing“ and „inhibiting“ factors

(hypophysiotrophins) producing in some

hypothalamic nuclei (neurosecretion)

parvocellular neurons reach the median eminence

(tuberoinfundibular tract)

from the infundibulum are transported to the

adenohypophysis by the portal vessels

Secretion of hormones:

Thyrotropic

Gonadotropic

Growth

Adrenocorticotropic

Page 39: Cerebellum - is.muni.cz · Developmental anatomy Afferents from vestib. labyrinth fish, amphibians Archi- cerebellum VESTIBULO - CEREBELLUM Afferents from spinal cord and

ncl. paraventricularis

ncl. preopticus ncl. arcuatus

ncll. tuberales

eminentia med.

hypophyseal portal vessel

secondary vascular plexus

sinus cavernosus

a. hypophysea sup. primary vascular plexus

„inhibiting hormones“ „releasing hormones“

Page 40: Cerebellum - is.muni.cz · Developmental anatomy Afferents from vestib. labyrinth fish, amphibians Archi- cerebellum VESTIBULO - CEREBELLUM Afferents from spinal cord and

aa. hypoph.

primary plx.

long port. vessel

short port. vessels

sec. plx.

lobus ant.

a. hypoph. sup.

drainage into the sinus cavernosus

Page 41: Cerebellum - is.muni.cz · Developmental anatomy Afferents from vestib. labyrinth fish, amphibians Archi- cerebellum VESTIBULO - CEREBELLUM Afferents from spinal cord and

Neurohypophysis

■ receives axons of magnocellular neuroendocrine

cells of the supraoptic and paraventricular hypoth.

nuclei

■ developmentally – part of diencephalon

■ oxytocin and ADH

■ neuroendocrine cells reach the posterior lobe of

the hypophysis through tr. hypothalamo-

hypophysialis

Page 42: Cerebellum - is.muni.cz · Developmental anatomy Afferents from vestib. labyrinth fish, amphibians Archi- cerebellum VESTIBULO - CEREBELLUM Afferents from spinal cord and

Tr. hypoth.-hypophysialis

Ncl. paraventricularis

Antidiuretic h. (Vasopresin)

Ncl. supraopticus

Oxytocin

neurohypophysis

a. hypophysea inf. sinus cavernosus

Page 43: Cerebellum - is.muni.cz · Developmental anatomy Afferents from vestib. labyrinth fish, amphibians Archi- cerebellum VESTIBULO - CEREBELLUM Afferents from spinal cord and

Illustrations were copied from:

Atlas der Anatomie des Menschen/

Sobotta. Putz,R., und Pabst,R. 20.

Auflage. München: Urban &

Schwarzenberg, 1993

Netter: Interactive Atlas of Human

Anatomy. Windows Version 2.0