certificate

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “Hydrobiological

Analysis of Karamtoli Talab” submitted by Ms. Uma Chatterjee,

Roll No. 13MP0724, Regd. No. 0867730 embodies the results of project

work carried out by her in the Department of Zoology, Ranchi

University.

I further certify that the contents of this project or part thereof have not

been presented for any other degree to her or to anybody else.

Amitabh Hore M. K. Jamuar

HOD, Zoology Dept. Supervisor

Ranchi University

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

With limitless humility, I would like to thank God, the Almighty, who

shapes over ends because He is the cause of every cause.

I feel ecstatically delighted and overwhelming sense of obligation in

expressing sincere thanks to Dr. M. K. Jamuar, who is my mentor and

Amitabh Hore, HOD, PG Department of Zoology, Ranchi University,

Ranchi who gave me this opportunity and provided me with good and

useful assistance and suggestions.

The assistance of my friends and individuals who in any way have been

associated with the completion of this work not been mentioned so far

are sincerely acknowledged.

Last but not the least, I am highly indebted to my parents and well

wishers whose kind blessings made this task possible for me.

Uma Chatterjee

INTRODUCTION

Water is a necessity for all living beings; without it there would be no

life. Life originated in water and the the ultimate basis of it, the

protoplasm, is a colloidal solution complex organic molecules in a

watery medium (70 to 90% water). Most of the biological phenomena

take place in water medium. Moreover, wherever water exists in nature

it always holds life. So the early study of a water body is the study of life

as well. Water is essential at all levels of life, cellular to ecosystem. It is

essential in circulation of body fluids in plants and animals and it stands

as the key substance for the existence and continuity of life through

reproduction and different cyclic process in nature; it plays the central

role in mediating global scale ecosystem processes.

Water resources are sources of water that are useful or potentially useful.

Uses of water include agricultural, industrial, household, recreational

and environmental activities. The majority of humans use requires fresh

water. 97% of water on the Earth is salt water and only three percent is

fresh water. Slightly over two thirds of this is frozen in glaciers and

polar ice caps (US Geological survey 2009). The remaining unfrozen

fresh water is found mainly as ground water, with only a small fraction

present above ground or in the air (Scientific facts on water: state of the

resources, 2008). Sources of fresh water include:

a. Surface Water: Surface water is water in a river, lake or fresh

water wetland. Surface water is naturally replenished by

precipitation.

b. Under River Flow: Throughout the course of a river, the total

volume of water transported downstream will often be a

combination of the visible free water flow together with a

substantial sub-surface rocks and gravels that underlie the river.

c. Ground Water: Sub-surface water or ground water is located in

the pore space of soil and rocks. It is also water is flowing

within aquifers below the water table.

d. Frozen Water: Icebergs are water resources. Glacier runoff is

considered to be surface water.

POND – A RESOURCE

A pond is a body of water standing water, either natural or man-made

that is usually smaller than a lake. They may naturally in flood

plains as part of a river system or they may be somewhat isolated

depressions. Usually they contain shallow water with marsh and

aquatic plants and animals (John Clegg, 1986). The type of life in a

pond is generally determined by a combination of factors including

water regime and nutrient levels, but other factors may also be

important including presence or absence of shading by trees,

presence or absence of streams, effects of grazing animals and

salinity. Some organizations and researchers have settled on

technical definitions of pond and lake which rely on size alone

(Jeremy Biggs et al, 2005). The International Ramsar Wetland

Convention sets the upper limit for pond size as 8 hectares (20

acres), (Ramsar Convention, 2013) but biologists have not

universally adopted this convention. Researchers for the British

Charity pond convention have defined a pond to be a man made or

natural water body which is between 1 M2 and 20,000 M2 in area (2

hectares), which holds water for four months of the year or more

(Jeremy Biggs et al, 2005). Other European biologists have set the

upper size limit at 5 Ha (12 acres), (Jeremy Biggs et al, 2008).

Ponds can result from a wide variety of natural processes. Any

depression in the ground collects and retains sufficient precipitation can

be considered as pond. Rivers often leave behind ponds in flood plains

after spring flooding (RoMC Connel, 1975). Retreating glaciers can

leave behind landscapes filled with small depressions developing into a

pond (Amoud Van der Valk, 1989). Many areas contain small

depressions which form temporary ponds during rainy season and may

be important sits for amphibious breeding (Calbroun & Maynadier,

2008). Some ponds are created by animals like beavers, alligators (Paul

A Keddy, 2010).

In landscapes with organic coils, fires can also create depressions

during periods of drought. These become open to water and normal

level returns (Steven M Davis, 1994).

USES OF WATER

Pond is a fresh water source.

In general water is used basically for three purposes i.e. agriculture,

industrial and household purposes. Therefore, the quantity of water

should be checked before use. It is estimated that 59% of worldwide

water is used for irrigation with 15-35% of irrigation withdrawals being

unsustainable (WBCSD water facts and trends, 2009). It takes around

2000 – 3000 liters of waters to produce enough food to satisfy one

person’s daily dietary needs (UN Water – Coping with water scarcity,

2007). Presence of toxic substances in water makes water unfit for

consumption causing several disorders. If used for agricultural

purposes, the toxic chemicals in water increases salinity of soil causing

damage to the crops and thus a reduction in yield.

To minimize the adverse impact of toxic water on human health, crops

and industrial production, the assessment of water body should be done

from time to time. The assessment of water quality can be done by three

ways, i.e Physical, chemical and biological methods.

The physical characteristics of water include temperature, colour,

odour, turbidity, etc.

The chemical characteristics include the presence of inorganic anions,

cations, pH, hardness, TDS, conductivity, DO etc.

The biological characteristics include the principal groups of micro

organisms in water.

Temperature is a measure of the intensity of (not the amount). Heat is

measured in calories and is the product of the weight of the substance

(in grams),, temperature (in Celcius) and the specific heat (cal g c -1)

(Wetzel 1975). When the density of particulate materials suspended in

the water becomes great, a seston colour (a collective term for all

particulate material present in water) can be imparted to the water in

spite of the relatively non-selective scattering properties of the particles.

Suspension of large amounts of inorganic materials such as clay and ash

can yield a yellow to brownish – red colourization.

Seston colour, however is usually associated with large concentrations

of suspended algae on pigmented bacteria. Turbidity is also a visual

property of water and implies a reduction or lack of clarity that results

from the presence of suspended particles or suspensoids. Inorganic

turbidity tends to be higher in resources than in natural lakes (kirk

1994).

The chemical characteristics of water can be analyzed by measuring pH,

hardness, TDS, dissolved anions and cations, DO in water. pH refers to

the logarithms of the reciprocal of the concentration of free hydrogen

ions. The pH of the natural waters is governed to a large extent by the

interaction of H2CO3 and from OH- ions produced during the hydrolysis

of bicarbonates. The pH of natural waters ranges between the extremes

of <2-12 (Wetzel 1975). The hardness of water is governed by the

content of calcium and magnesium salts largely combined with

bicarbonates and carbonate and with sulfates, chlorides and other anions

of mineral acids. The ionic composition of fresh water is dominated by

the dilute solutions of alkalis and alkaline earth compounds, particularly

bicarbonates, carbonates, sulfates and chlorides (Wetzel, 1975).

Dissolved oxygen is essential to the respiratory metabolism of most

aquatic organisms. Oxygen distribution is important for the direct needs

of many organisms and affects the solubility and availability of many

nutrients and therefore the productivity of aquatic ecosystems.

Solubility of oxygen in water decreases as temperature increases

(Wetzel, 1975). Because diffusion of oxygen from the atmosphere into

and within water is a relatively slow process, turbulent mixing of water

is required for dissolved oxygen to be distributed in equilibrium with

that of atmosphere. Fish and aquatic insects may die when oxygen is

depleted by microbial metabolism (Goldman and Horne, 1983).

Biological oxygen demand is the amount of oxygen required for

microbial metabolism of organic compounds in water. This demand

occurs over some variable period at time depending on temperature,

nutrient concentration and the enzymes available to indigenous

microbial populations. The amount of oxygen required to completely

oxidize the organic compounds to carbon dioxide and water through

generations of microbial growth, decay and cannibalization is total

biochemical demand (total BOD). This BOD is of more significance to

food webs than to water quality. Dissolved oxygen depletion is most

likely to become evident during the initial aquatic microbial population

explosion in response to a large amount of organic material. If the

microbial population deoxygenates the water, however, that lack of

oxygen imposes a limit on population growth of aerobic aquatic

microbial organisms resulting in a longer term food surplus and oxygen

deficit (Reid and George K, 1961).

A standard temperature at which BOD testing should be carried out was

first proposed by the Royal Commission on Sewage Disposal in its

eighth report in 1912.

The water quality standards (WQS) program is one of the corner stones

of the clean water Act (CWA). Through this program, the states and

india tribes set water quality standards for waters within this

jurisdictions. Water quality standards define uses for water bodies and

identify specific water quality criteria to achieve those uses (clean water

Act, 1972)

A water quality standard consists of three basic elements.

1. Designated uses that describe- the enisting and lor hotential uses of a

water body (eg. Recreation, drinking water supply, aquatic life

protection)

2. Water quality criteria to hrobct the designated uses (typically

expressed in terms of allowable numeric pollutant concentration on

narratime rewuirements), and

3. An qutidegradation policy to maintain and protect cristing water

quality and erushing uses, whether as not such uses have been

designated.

WATER QUALITY

water quality refers to the chemical, physical and biological chara

cteristics of water (diersing and nancy (2003). It is a measure of the

condition of water relative to the requirements of one or more biotic

species and or to for management of water and human need or

purpose to hnsonetal, 1997)

quality of a water body , one has to define the water quality

requirements or water quality goal for that water boady. As

mentioned alone , each water was has specibic water quality need.

Therefore for setting water quality objectives of a water body. In

India, the central pollution control board (CPCB), an apex body in

the field of water quality management, has developed a concept of

“designated best uses” the CPCB has identified 5 such “ designated

best uses” all those water bodies , which are used for drinking

without any treatment, but with disinfection are termed as “A” class

water, those which are used for outdoor bathing are termed as “B”

class water, those which are used for drinking after.

Conventional treatment are termed as “C” class water .

Those whicj are used for propogation of wildlife and fesheries are

termed as “D” class water and those which are used for irrigation

cooling and controlled waste disposal are temed as “E” class water

for each class the CPCB has identified water quality requirements in

terms of few chemical characteristics . known as prim any water

quality criteria. The “ designated best uses “ along with respective

water quality criteria is given below.

Designated best use Class of water Criteria

Drinking water source without

conventional treatment

A 1.total coliforms organism

MPN/100ml shall be 50 or less

2. PH between 6.5 and 8.5

3. Do- 6 mg lt on more

4. BOD 5 days at 20’c –

2mgltorlessOutdoor bathing (organised) B 1.total coliforms organism


2. PH between 6.5 and 8.5


4. BOD 5 days at 20’c –

2mgltorlessDrinking water source after C 1.total coliforms organilm

conventional treatment and

disinfection


2. PH between 6 and 9


4. BOD 5 days at 20’c – 3

mgltorlessPropagation of wildlife and

tishesies

D 1. PH between 6.5 to 8.5

2. DO – 4 mg lt on more.

3. Free Ammonia (as N) 1.2 mglt Irigation, Industrial cooling,

controlled waste disposal

E 1. PH between 6.0 to 8.5

2. electrical conductivity at 25’c

micro mhos/ cm Max. 2250

3. Sodium absorption Ratio Max

26.

4. Boron Max 2 mg lt

Significance of the study

The investigation ennobled a comprehensive and systematic analysis ot

the physio – chemical and biological characteristics of karamtoli pond.

This enaleles to account for the variations in water – quality parameters

are well as planktons in relation to difference in the degree of human

colisturbance the data generated may help in conservation and

management of the freshwater resource.

Designated values of certain physic – chemical parameters .

Parameters Desirable Permissible

PH 7 8.2

DO (ppm) 5 10

BOD (ppm) - -

Hardness (mg/l) 300 600

TDS mg/l 500 2000

Chlorides (mg/l)

Total alkali nity (mg/l) 80 150

Iron mglr 0.3 1.0

Calcium mg /l

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