cfd investigation on nozzle considering fuel properties of alternative fuel a review
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In this work multi phase flow and erosion analysis were done via simulations and CFD application for standard diesel and two alternative bio fuels, FAME and DME, inside different nozzle models and with various boundary conditions. Nozzle model consists of narrow channel with sharp type I or rounded type Y inlet section, with or without downstream placed target, so there was a total of four different model geometries. Simulation results showed that cavitations was present in almost all cases and that clear difference between three observed fuels can be seen. Mass flow in channel type I was lower than one in channel type Y. When comparing three observed fuels, it was noticed that DME fuel usually had highest velocity, but lowest mass flow rate. Contrary to DME, FAME fuel showed highest mass flow rate despite lowest velocity. When comparing simulation results and physical properties of observed fuels, it can be concluded that density is a leading term in determining mass flow rate. Also, erosion model predicts more intensive MDPR value near narrow channel exit. Abhishek Sarathe | Yogesh Yadav "CFD Investigation on Nozzle Considering Fuel Properties of Alternative Fuel: A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-1 , December 2018, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd19090.pdf Paper URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/19090/cfd-investigation-on-nozzle-considering-fuel-properties-of-alternative-fuel-a-review/abhishek-saratheTRANSCRIPT
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CFD Investigation Fuel Properties
Abhishek Sarathe1Research Scholar,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Millennium Institute of Te
ABSTRACT In this work multi phase flow and erosion analysis were done via simulations & CFD application for standard diesel and two alternative bio fuels, FAME and DME, inside different nozzle models and with various boundary conditions. Nozzle model consists of narrow channel with sharp (type I) or rounded (type Y) inlet section, with or without downstream placed target, so there was a total of four different model geometries. Simulation results showed that cavitations was present in almost all cases and that clear difference between three observed fuels can be seen. Mass flow in channel type I was lower than one in channel type Y. When comparing three observed fuels, it was noticed that DME fuel usually had highest velocity, but lowest mass flow rate. Contrary to DME, FAME fuel showed highest mass flow rate despite lowest velocity. When comparing simulation results and physical properties of observed fuels, it can be concluded that density is a leading term in determining mass flow rate. Also, erosion model predicts more intensive MDPR value near narrow channel exit. KEY WORDS: CFD Analysis, Nozzle cavitations, AVL Analysis INTRODUCTION Alternative fuels are lately becoming more and more interesting due to a fact that they don't contribute increasing of carbon in atmosphere in Earth's atmosphere carbon-cycle. In Europe and U.S. fuels gained from rapeseed (RME) and soybean (SOME), together called FAME fuels or biodiesel, are used as an alternative fuel or as a compound in standard diesel/biodiesel mixture. Another biofuel is very interesting, DME, which can be gained from all sorts
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD)
International Open Access Journal | www.ijtsrd.com
ISSN No: 2456 - 6470 | Volume - 3 | Issue – 1 | Nov
www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 3 | Issue – 1 | Nov-Dec 2018
Investigation on Nozzle ConsideringProperties of Alternative Fuel: A Review
Abhishek Sarathe1, Yogesh Yadav2 Research Scholar, 2Assistant Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Millennium Institute of TechnologyBhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
In this work multi phase flow and erosion analysis were done via simulations & CFD application for standard diesel and two alternative bio fuels, FAME and DME, inside different nozzle models and with various boundary conditions. Nozzle model consists
rrow channel with sharp (type I) or rounded (type Y) inlet section, with or without downstream placed target, so there was a total of four different
Simulation results showed that cavitations was present in almost all cases and that
difference between three observed fuels can be seen. Mass flow in channel type I was lower than one in channel type Y. When comparing three observed fuels, it was noticed that DME fuel usually had highest velocity, but lowest mass flow rate. Contrary
E, FAME fuel showed highest mass flow rate When comparing simulation
results and physical properties of observed fuels, it can be concluded that density is a leading term in determining mass flow rate. Also, erosion model
ore intensive MDPR value near narrow
CFD Analysis, Nozzle cavitations,
Alternative fuels are lately becoming more and more interesting due to a fact that they don't contribute increasing of carbon in atmosphere in Earth's
cycle. In Europe and U.S. fuels gained from rapeseed (RME) and soybean (SOME),
called FAME fuels or biodiesel, are used as an alternative fuel or as a compound in standard diesel/biodiesel mixture. Another biofuel is very interesting, DME, which can be gained from all sorts
of different sources. In Europe there are currently several active norms that are regulating amount of biodiesel in mineral diesel (EN 590 allow up to 5%), as well as properties of FAME fuels (EN 14241). Diesel fuel injection equipment manufacturers brought common statement in which they support the development of compression ignition alternative fuels. Diversity of physical properties between mentioned fuels causes their different flow characteristics inside fuel nozzles. In this work flow simulations with analyses were performed in different nozzle models, for every inlet/outlet pressure drop and three different fuels. Calculations were done via CFD. Analysis is performed by following criteria: volume fraction distribution due to cavitations, achieved mass flow rate and velocity profile in narrow channel section.Additional figures are presented: pressure, absolute velocity and turbulence kinetic energy distribution. Also, erosion modelling was done. For simulations is used one of the commercially available CFD application, AVL's CFD Workflow Manager with FIRE solCFDWM/FIRE). In CFDWM/FIRE one can perform simulations of multiphase flows via module with Erosion modelling included. LITERATURE REVIEW: There are some papers which have bereferred on my work. Junmei Shi et al. CFD investigation of fuel properties effect on cavitating flow in generic nozzle geometries Fuel saturation vapour pressure variation up to 0.8 bar has know essential effect on cavitation
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n Nozzle Considering : A Review
chnology,
of different sources. In Europe there are currently active norms that are regulating amount of
biodiesel in mineral diesel (EN 590 allow up to 5%), as well as properties of FAME fuels (EN 14241). Diesel fuel injection equipment manufacturers brought common statement in which they support the
compression ignition alternative fuels.
Diversity of physical properties between mentioned fuels causes their different flow characteristics inside fuel nozzles. In this work flow simulations with analyses were performed in different nozzle models,
very inlet/outlet pressure drop and three different fuels. Calculations were done via CFD. Analysis is performed by following criteria: volume fraction distribution due to cavitations, achieved mass flow rate and velocity profile in narrow channel section. Additional figures are presented: pressure, absolute velocity and turbulence kinetic energy distribution. Also, erosion modelling was done.
For simulations is used one of the commercially available CFD application, AVL's CFD Workflow Manager with FIRE solver (hereafter CFDWM/FIRE). In CFDWM/FIRE one can perform simulations of multiphase flows via Multiphase module with Erosion modelling included.
e are some papers which have been studied and
CFD investigation of fuel properties effect on cavitating flow in generic nozzle geometries Fuel saturation vapour pressure variation
has know essential effect on cavitation
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this is due to the very high pressure gradient caused by the flow acceleration in the nozzle. Takenaka et al. CFD analysis of nozzle cavitations Investigation of cavitation phenomena showed that for nearly all the duration of the injection process the nozzle injector hole is surrounded by cavitation films Berchiche et al For interfacial mass exchange Linear Cavitation Model was used and for interfacial momentum exchange Cavitation Drag Model was used. Both interfacial exchange models imply two additional transport equations: Bubble Number Density and Interfacial Area equation. These equations bring up additional closure coefficients of mathematical model. Semelsberger et al FAME fuel achieves highest mass flow rates in all cases. DME has lowest mass flowrates. Generally, mass flow rates in Channel Y cases are higher than ones in Channel I cases for same boundary conditions. Both interfacial exchange models imply two additional transport equations: Bubble Number Density and Interfacial Area equation. These equations bring up additional closure coefficients of mathematical model. Ornella Chiavola et al On a modified VCO nozzle layout for diesel common rail injectors under actual needle displacement FAME fuel achieves highest mass flow rates in all cases. DME has lowest mass flow rates. Generally, mass flow rates in Channel Y cases are higher than ones in Channel I cases for same boundary conditions. METHOD USED � In this work quasi-stationary, inner, non
compressible, viscous, turbulent and two(generally multiphase) type of flow is assumed, so simulation is set-up considering these assumptions. Two-phase flow implies bubble number density and interfacial area between liquid and gas phase, so additional transport equations for modelling cavitation should be active in order to describe phase change.
� All conservation equations can be written in generic form Turbulence model is a part of a Eddy Viscosity Models (EVM) with two equationsEVM assumes direct analogy between molecular and turbulent momentum. Based oassumption.
� Erosion is in Multiphase module modelled within
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this is due to the very high pressure gradient caused
CFD analysis of nozzle cavitations Investigation of cavitation phenomena showed that for nearly all the duration of the injection process the
zzle injector hole is surrounded by cavitation films.
For interfacial mass exchange Linear Cavitation Model was used and for interfacial momentum exchange Cavitation Drag Model was used. Both interfacial exchange models imply two
transport equations: Bubble Number Density and Interfacial Area equation. These equations bring up additional closure coefficients of
AME fuel achieves highest mass flow rates in all cases. DME has lowest mass flow rates. Generally, mass flow rates in Channel Y cases are higher than ones in Channel I cases for same
Both interfacial exchange models imply two additional transport equations: Bubble Number Density and Interfacial Area
e equations bring up additional closure
On a modified VCO nozzle layout for diesel common rail injectors under actual needle displacement FAME fuel achieves highest mass flow rates in all cases. DME has lowest mass flow rates. Generally, mass flow rates in Channel Y
Channel I cases for same
stationary, inner, non-ent and two- phase
multiphase) type of flow is assumed, so up considering these
phase flow implies bubble number density and interfacial area between liquid
gas phase, so additional transport equations for modelling cavitation should be active in order
All conservation equations can be written in eneric form Turbulence model is a part of a Eddy
Viscosity Models (EVM) with two equations EVM assumes direct analogy between molecular
on Boussinesq
Erosion is in Multiphase module modelled within
two model quantities Erosion Incubation Time Mean Depth Penetration Rate (MDPR) Dimensions that are strictly defined: nozzle model thickness, narrow channel, target andcoordinate). Length (x coordinate) of inlet and outlet zone is not strictly selected to give developed flow on inlet and outlet zone Calculation stability is also affected with these parameter.
� Because of overall of four different nozzle model
types, and computational domains hereafter computational domains as:
• Channel I → channel type I without target• Channel Y → channel type Y without target• Target I → channel type I with downstream
placed target • Target Y → channel type Y with downstream
placed target SELECTIONS AND BOUNDARY CONDAll domain meshes have same number and type of selections. Boundary conditions must beevery phase separately, except pressure which is coupled variable and is defined only for continuous phase. Also, total of phase volume fractions must be equal to one. Since driving force for flow quantities is pressure difference between inlet and ouin order to avoid too long mesh on inlet zone, flow direction on inlet selection is determined. Boundary turbulence parameters were pre CONCLUSIONS CFDWM/FIRE application can give us valuable data regarding multiphase cavitating flow inside nozzles.is shown that mathematical model is valid for its purpose and that nozzle flow for different fuels can be done. when comparing different fuels simulation results, some obvious differences can be observed.Most significant conclusion regarding to comparison between fuels is that in mass flow rate equation, fluid density is more significant term than molecular viscosity. This is concluded based on fact that in almost all cases DME fuel had highest velocity but lowest mass flow rate. If we combine that with fluid properties above conclusion can be derived. REFERENCES 1. Hammond G.P., Kallu S., McManus M.C.,
Development of biofuels for the UKmarket, Applied Energy, 2006.
Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
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ties Erosion Incubation Time Mean Depth Penetration Rate (MDPR) Dimensions that are strictly defined: nozzle model thickness, narrow channel, target and height (y coordinate). Length (x coordinate) of inlet and outlet zone is not strictly defined and should be selected to give developed flow on inlet and outlet
Calculation stability is also affected with
Because of overall of four different nozzle model types, and computational domains respectively, hereafter computational domains will be referred
channel type I without target channel type Y without target
channel type I with downstream
channel type Y with downstream
SELECTIONS AND BOUNDARY CONDITIONS All domain meshes have same number and type of selections. Boundary conditions must be defined for every phase separately, except pressure which is coupled variable and is defined only for continuous phase. Also, total of phase volume fractions must be
Since driving force for flow quantities is pressure difference between inlet and outlet selection, in order to avoid too long mesh on inlet zone, flow direction on inlet selection is determined. Boundary turbulence parameters were pre-defined by AVL.
CFDWM/FIRE application can give us valuable data tating flow inside nozzles. it
is shown that mathematical model is valid for its purpose and that nozzle flow for different fuels can be
when comparing different fuels simulation results, some obvious differences can be observed.
sion regarding to comparison between fuels is that in mass flow rate equation, fluid density is more significant term than molecular viscosity. This is concluded based on fact that in almost all cases DME fuel had highest velocity but
. If we combine that with fluid properties above conclusion can be derived.
Hammond G.P., Kallu S., McManus M.C., Development of biofuels for the UK automotive
, Applied Energy, 2006.
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2. Mulqueen S., The European Alternative Fuel Market And The Role Of Fuel AdditivesConference, Greece 2007
3. Diesel Fuel Injection Equipment Manufacturers Common Position Statement, Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Fuels As a Replacement or Extender for Diesel Fuels, 2004, published on: http://www.ufop.de/downloads/FAME_Statement_June_2004.pdf
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International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456
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The European Alternative Fuel Additives, Biofuels
Diesel Fuel Injection Equipment Manufacturers Fatty Acid Methyl
Ester Fuels As a Replacement or Extender for 2004, published on:
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