ch-1, digital electronics in bme [dld-1 ]

7/28/2019 Ch-1, DIGITAL ELECTRONICS IN BME [DLD-1 ].

1/8

VKCEC[@B-LBLA[YJGCAQ CGICJ-MLKCA@B LGECGLLYCGE,

AO-0>LBLA[YJGCAQ-

@G@BJE-@GK-KCEC[@B, ][L_[-IJJF> CG[YJK\A[JYS-KCEC[@B-LBLA[YJGCAQ IS

GCELB X.AJJF.

www.mlkca`b-cm`el-prjalsscge.ibjespjt.a

GJ[L> ULBB C @M I\CBKCGE MS XLYQJG@B GJ[LQ DJY ICJ-MLKCA@B LGECGLLYCGE AJ\YQLQ

XYLX@Y@[CJGQ JG XKD DCBLQ QCGAL 988? @GK X\IBCQOLK C[ JG MS IBJE , @GK C @BQJ KCQXB@S MS

GJ[LQ CG MS IBJE, I\[ [OCQ AO@X[LY C UCBB GJ[ KCQXB@S JY X\IBCQOLK [J X\IBCA JG MS IBJE

@GK QAYCIK @AAJ\G[Q ILA@\QL [OCQ KJA\MLG[ V JY MS XLYQJG@B GJLQ ] AJG[@CG [OL

DCE\YLQ VJY AJXS-YCEO[ M@[LYC@B] JD [OCQ AO@X[LY DYJM KCYLA[BS [OL [L_[-IJJF K\L [J

AJXS-YCEO[ B@UQ , , C @BU@SQ [YS [J I\CBK MS GJ[LQ JG XKD KJA\MLG[Q CG Q\AO @ U@SQ CG

UOCAO C [YS [J GJ[ \QLK @GS AJXS-YCEO[ M@[LYC@BQ JG MS XLYQJG@B GJ[LQ CG XKD , I\[ K\L

[J B@AF JD [CMCGE @GK CG JYKLY [J P\CAFBS AJMXBL[L MS XYLX@Y@[CJGQ JTLY ICJ-MLKCA@B

LGECGLLYCGE AJ\YQL C [@FL [OCQ Q[LXQ CG UOCAO C @M N\Q[ [YS [J Q@TCGE MS [CML CG @TJCKCGE

[J KY@U [OL XCA[\YLQ IS MS O@GKQ JG @ X@XLY JY JG [OL XYCG[ UOCAO AJGQ\ML @ BJ[ JD

[CML , QJ C [YS [J EJ D@Q[ @GK @[ BL@Q[ [JJF DCE\YLQ DYJM IJJF KCYLA[BS @GK XB@ALK JG MS

[OCQ GJ[LQ, @GK [OCQ KJA\MLG[ CQ GJ[ DJY Q@BL , C[Q JGBS DJY OLBXCGE ML [J EL[ OCEOLY

M@YFQ CG [OCQ AJ\YQL, [OCQ Q[@[LMLG[ @XXBS JG GL_[ KJA\MLG[Q I\[ GJ[ JG [OCQ

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http://www.medical-image-processing.blogspot.ca/http://www.medical-image-processing.blogspot.ca/http://www.medical-image-processing.blogspot.ca/http://www.medical-image-processing.blogspot.ca/


2/8

VKCEC[@B-LBLA[YJGCAQ CG ICJ-MLKCA@B LGECGLLYCGE, AO-

0>LBLA[YJGCAQ-@G@BJE-@GK-KCEC[@B, ]

U U U . M L K C A @ B - C M @ E L - X Y J A L Q Q C G E . I B J E Q X J [ . A @ I SQ C F @ G K L Y - B J K O C Xèl 9-JD-?

[ìbl jd AjgtlgtsAo-0> Lblatrjgcas @g`bje `gk Kcect`b >- .......................................................................................................... 9

0-0) YLTCLU-@G@BJE-@GK-KCEC[@B>- ..................................................................................................... 9

(0-0-9) @G@BJE-@GK-KCEC[@B>- .................................................................................................................... ;

0. @G@BJE-QCEG@BQ,AJMXJGLG[Q,@GK ACYA\C[Q>-.......................................................................... ;

KCEC[@B-QCEG@BQ,AJMXJGLG[Q,@GK ACYA\C[Q>- ...................................................................................... 5

[OL-@G@BJE-@GK-KCEC[@B-LBLA[YCA@B-ACYA\C[>- ...................................................................................... 5

Ao-0> Lblatrjgcas @g`bje gk Kcect`b >-

Cgtrjkuatcjg>-

0.

Kcect`b-lblatrjgcas cs sj wcklby uslk tjk`y to`t cts bmjst cmpjsscibl tj

dcgk `g lblatrjgca-systlm to`t kjls gjt m`fl usl jd kcect`b lblatrjgcas .

9.

Cg dàt, ` rlalgt st`tcstca st`tlk to`t jg `vlrèl ?-

Q[LX-0> V I@QCA-JD-LBLA[YCAC[S]>-

`.

Tjbtèl .

i. Aurrlgt.

a. Ylscst`gal.


3/8




k.

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KA/@A KLTCALQ>-Ylscstjrs,prlssurl-tr`gskualrs,tolrmjajupbls

pojtjrlscstjr, i`ttlrcls,dusls,acrauct-irl`flrs, a`pàctjrs, lblatrjmèglt,

rlb`ys, cgkuatjrs, tr`gsdjrmlrs, wcrls, aìbls, ajgglatjrs, prcgtlk-acraucts.

i)

QLMC-AJGK\A[JY-KCTCALQ>- kcjkls, IN[Q, DL[Q, QAYQ, [YC@AQ, KC@AQ,

\N[Q,JX[J-LBLA[YJGCAQ-KLTCALQ, [OLYMCQ[JYQ, T@YCQ[JYQ, O@BB-

LDDLA[-QLGQJYQ, XCL-^J LBLA[YCA QLGQJYQ.

Q[LX-1 V LBLA[YCA@B-@GK-LBLA[YJGCAQ-ACYA\C[Q]>-

`). @G@BJE(BCGL@Y)-ACYA\C[Q>-

YLA[CDCLY,YLE\B@[JY,M\B[CXBCLY,ABCXXLY,AB@MXLY,@MXBCDCLY,JQACBB@[JY,J

XLY@[CJG@B-@MXBCDCLYQVJX-@MXs], D\GA[CJG-ELGLY@[JYQ,[CMLYQ , XO@QL-

BJAFLK-BJJXVXBB], AJMM\GCA@[CJG, X\BQLQ.

i). KCEC[@B ([UJ-Q[@[L V0/8] ) ACYA\C[Q>-

BJECA-E@[LQ, KLAJKLYQ, LGAJKLYQ, AJMX@Y@[JYQ, YLECQ[LYQ, AJ\G[LYQ,

M\B[CXBL_LYQVM\_], KL- M\B[CXBL_LYQVKL-M\_], DBCX-DBJXQ, [CMLYQ,@YC[OML[CAQ-ACYA\C[Q, MLMJYS-ACYA\C[Q, XBK VXYJEY@MM@IBL-BJECA-

KCTCALQQ], @G@BJE-@GK-KCEC[@B-AJGTLYQCJGQ, MCAYJ-AJMX\[LY,

CG[LYD@ACGE, XLYCXOLY@BQ.

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`). AJMM\GCA@[CJGQ,

i). CGK\Q[YC@B ,

a). K@[@-XYJALQQCGE ,

k). [LQ[-@GK-ML@Q\YLMLG[ ,

l). ICJ-MLKCA@B-LGECGLLYCGE 6


4/8



U U U . M L K C A @ B - C M @ E L - X Y J A L Q Q C G E . I B J E Q X J [ . A @ I SQ C F @ G K L Y - B J K O C X`el ;-JD-?

-----------------------

Ujrfcge drjm tol ijttjm-up , yju a`g sll to`t lvlry tocges rlsts jg tol

djur i`sca lblatrca`b-rjjts to`t cs V aurrlgt, vjbt`el, rlscstjrs `gk pjwlr] . Lblatrca`b `gk lblatrjgcas ajmpjglgts wlrl klvlbjplk tj elglr`tl `gk

ajgtrjb tolsl djur i`sca lblatrca`b polgjmlg`.

ACYA\C[>- wolg ` erjup jd ajmpjglgts jr klvcals `rl cgtlrajgglatlk toly

djrm ` acrauct `gk nust `s ajmpjglgts jr klvcals `rl iucbkcge ibjafs djr

acraucts.

LBLA[YJGCA LP\CXMLG[ JY QSQ[LMQ>- tol acraucts `rl cg turg tol

iucbkcge ibjaf djr lblatrjgca lqucpmlgt jr systlm.

---------------------

(0-0-9) @G@BJE-@GK-KCEC[@B>-

[ol twj tlrms `g`bje `gk kcect`b gllk tj il durtolr lxpb`cglk scgal `bb jd tol

lblatrca`b `gk lblatrjgcas acraucts bcstlk cg stlp-1 jd slatcjg (0-0) `rl ab`sscdclk cg

jgl jd tolsl twj a`tlejrcls.

[j ilecg, blt us lx`mcgl `g`bje sceg`b, ajmpjglgts & acraucts, `gk kcect`b sceg`b ,

ajmpjglgts & acraucts cgkcvcku`bby.

0.

@G@BJE-QCEG@BQ,AJMXJGLG[Q,@GK ACYA\C[Q>-


5/8



U U U . M L K C A @ B - C M @ E L - X Y J A L Q Q C G E . I B J E Q X J [ . A @ I SQ C F @ G K L Y - B J K O C X`el [ol rlprlslgt`tcjg jd poysca`b prjplrtcls iy `

prjpjrtcjg`bby v`rycge sceg`b.

@a-`g`bje-sceg`b> @g `g`bje sceg`b to`t `btlrg`tls pjsctcvl `gk gle`tcvl .


6/8




@A-@MXBCDCLY>-`g `mpbcdclrs klsceglk tj cgarl`sl tol mègctukl jd `g @A-sceg`b.

-----------

dce # i

Cg dce # i ` bceot kltlatjr jr sjb`r-albb ajgvlrts bceot lglrey cgtj `glblatrjgca-sceg`b V @g`bje V@A]-lblatrjgca-sceg`b ].

[ocs cgdjrm`tcjg sceg`b rlprlslgts tol `mjugt jd bceot prlslgt , scgal `

ao`gel cg vjbtèl `mpbctukl rlsubt cg ` ao`gel cg cgtlgscty blvlb jd bceot.

Jgal è`cg , tol jutput VJ/X] lblatrjgca sceg`b cs `g `g`bje V jr scmcb`r

] tj tol slgslk bceot cgput.

--------

KA-@G@BJE-QCEG@B>- @g `g`bje sceg`b to`t cs `bw`ys lctolr pjsctcvl jr gle`tcvl.

KA-@MXBCDCLYQ >- @g `mpbcdclrs klsceglk tj cgarl`sl tol mègctukl jd `

KA-sceg`b.

Mcarjpojgls jr bceot-kltlatjr = @g`bje klvcal jr ajmpjglgt.


7/8




------------------

KCEC[@B-QCEG@BQ,AJMXJGLG[Q,@GK ACYA\C[Q>-

{> -7 Oceo-vjbtèl = 0s (jgls) 6 -7 Bjw-Tjbtèl = 8s (zlrjs) }

[ol fly-ij`rk cs ` @QACCajkl elglr`tjr klvcal cg ` ajmputlr

systlm.

@QACC (prjgjugalk `s `sfly) = @mlrca`g st`gk`rk ajkl djr

Cgdjrm`tcjg Cgtlrao`gel V@QACC ].

Ajmputlr fly ij`rks `rl jgl jd m`gy klvcals to`t m`fl usl jd

kcect`b @QACC ajkl.

Kcect`b-systlm=twj-st`tl V0/8] systlm=l`sy-systlm.

Klacm`b-Gumilr-systlm=tlg-st`tl (8tj---3) systlm=ajmpblx-

systlm.

\scge ` twj st`tl jr twj-kcect systlm, yju a`g elglr`tl ajkls djr

`gy gumilr,blttlr,jr symijb, `s wl o`vl sllg cg @QACC tìbl.

[ol lblatrjgca acraucts to`t m`gèl tolsl twjV0/8] st`tl ajkls `rl

blss ajmpblx scgal toly jgby o`vl tj elglr`tl `gk slgsl lctolr `

oceo jr bjw vjbtèl.

Cg `kkctcjg, twj-st`tl acraucts `rl muao mjrl àaur`tl.

[wj-st`tl-systlm=twj-kcect-systlm=icg`ry-systlm.

\scge tol ajmicg`tcjg jd icg`ry kcects (ìirlvc`tlk `s icts) wl a`g

rlprlslgt cgdjrm`tcjg `s ` icg`ry-ajkl.

[ocs ajkl Vicg`ry-ajkl] cs a bblk ` kcect`b-sceg b ilaùsl cts `g

cgdjrm`tcjg-sceg`b to`t m`fls usl jd icg`ry kcects Victs].

KCEC[C^L>- tj ajgvlrt `g `g`bje sceg`b tj ` kcect`b-sceg`b.

KCEC[@B-QCEG@B>- @g lblatrjgca sceg`b m`kl up jd icg`ry kcects ( jricts ).

[OL-@G@BJE-@GK-KCEC[@B-LBLA[YCA@B-ACYA\C[>-

[j rlvclw , ijto lblatrca`b `gk lblatrjgca ajmpjglgts, acraucts `gk systlm

ajgtrjb lblatrjg dbjw6 ojwlvlr, tolcr `ppbca`tcjgs `rl kcstcgatby kcddlrlgt.


8/8



U U U . M L K C A @ B - C M @ E L - X Y J A L Q Q C G E . I B J E Q X J [ . A @ I SQ C F @ G K L Y - B J K O C Xèl ?-JD-?

[ol fly kcddlrlgal cg tol `ppbca tcjgs jd lblatrca`b `gk lblatrjgca

ajmpjglgts, acraucts `gk systlm cs to`t , `). Lblatrca`b ajmpjglgts, acraucts,

`gk systlm m`gèl tol dbjw jd pjwlr, i). wocbl lblatrjgca ajmpjglgts,

acraucts `gk systlm m`gèl tol dbjw jd cgdjrm`tcjg.

@G@BJE-LBLA[YCA@B (XJULY) ACYA\C[>-7 @g `g`bje acrauct klsceglk tj

m`gèl pjwlr.

KCEC[@B-LBLA[YCA@B(XJULY)-ACYA\C[>-7 @ kcect`b acrauct klsceglk tj

m`gèl pjwlr.

@G@BJE-ACYA\C[Q-@YL-BCGL@Y>-7 @g`bje acraucts rl jdtlg a`bblk bcgl`r-

acrauct, scgal bcgl`r iy kldcgctcjg jaaurs wolg `g jutput v`rcls cg kcrlat

prjpjrtcjg tj tol cgput.

-------------------

------------AO-0, DCGCQOLK-OLYL JG KCEC[@B-LBLA[YJGCAQ V KBK-0 ] -----------

_MJO@MM@K QCF@GK@Y FO@G BJKOC

JUGLY JD MS \GCTLYQC[S LK\A@[CJG@B G.. .

ch-1, digital electronics in bme [dld-1 ]

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