ch 12 carbon compound tc.doc

8/14/2019 CH 12 CARBON COMPOUND TC.doc

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CHAPTER 12 : CARBON COMPOUNDS

1- Carbon compound is a compound which consists of carbon combines with other elements .

2- Carbon compounds are c ssified into: la

a) Organic compound

b) Inorganic compound

3-

No. Organic Compound Inorganic Compound

i Obtained from living things Obtained from non-living things

ii Made up of many atoms Made up of fewer atoms

iii Soluble in organic solvent Soluble in inorganic solvent such as water

iv Exist mainly as solid Exist mainly as liquids or gases

v Low melting point High melting point

vi Low boiling point High boiling point

vii Flammable Non-flammable

viii Examples: carbohydrate, protein, natural Examples: carbon dioxide, sodium

rubber, and petroleum carbonate, magnesium cyanide, and sodium

bicarbonate.

4- Hydrocarbon is a compound which consists of hydrogen and carbon atoms only.

5- Hydrocarbon can be classified by:

a) Saturated hydrocarbon (alkanes)single bonds carbon chain

b) Unsaturated hydrocarbon (alkenes)double bond

(alkynes) - triple bond

6- The three sources of hydrocarbons are from

a) low crude oil from decomposition of sea

b) natural gas and land plants and animal which

c) petroleum exists million of years ago.

7- Alcohol is an organic substance made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. The formula of

alcohol is CnH2 n+ 2OH.

8- Alcohol is produced through:

a) Fermentationwhen yeast is added to a carbohydrate. The carbohydrates will be

hydrolyzed into glucose, then changed to ethanol.

phosphoric acid

b) Hydration of ethaneEthene + steam ethanol

9- Physical properties of alcohol: colorless, volatile, soluble in water, organic solvent, low melting

and boiling point.

10- Chemical properties of alcohol: burns in air producing water and carbon dioxide, will form

organic acid when oxidized, and react with organic acid to produce ester.

11- Uses of alcohol; Fuel, solvent, cosmetic, antiseptic, alcoholic drinks

12- Effects of alcohol on health ; slows down the activity of brain and nervous system, liver

cyrrhosis, damage the internal organs, foetal alcohol syndrome (the abuse of alcohol by a

mother during pregnancy)

13- Fats consist of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

14- The importance of fat:

a) To provide energy

b) Maintain the body temperature (as heat insulator)

c) Protect the body tissues and organs

d) As a solvent for vitamins A, D, E, K

15- Fats can classified into: a) Saturated fat b) Unsaturated fat

SES 1511 Kelantan 2007 *The bolded and italic letter is the answer 225


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16-

Saturated fats Unsaturated fats

Usually exist in solid form at room Exist in liquid form at room temperature

temperature

High melting point Low melting point

Obtain from animals Obtain from plants

High cholesterol Low cholesterol

Have single bonds between the carbon Have double bonds between the carbon

atoms atoms

17- Saturated fats is not good for health because it will cause arteriosclerosis, high blood pressure,

heart attack and stroke

18- An oil palm consist of pulp (mesocarp), shell (endocarp) and kernel

19- The stages in the process of palm oil extraction:

Sterilization Stripping Oil palm treat

Digestion

Extraction Refining Purification

20- Uses of palm olein (liquid at room temperature) mainly used in foodstuff such as cooking oil,

margarine, creams, cake and pastries.

21- Palm stearin (solid at room temperature) used for industrial purpose such as cosmetic, soaps,

detergents, candles and lubricating oils.

22- Palm oil is rich in beta-carotene, vitamin A (cancer fighting properties), tocopherols and

tocotrienol (constituents of vitamin E), antioxidants (protect against agent, arteriosclerosis

and cancer).

23- MPOB is the government body that handles all aspect of palm oil.

24- The future of palm oil is more promising as a bio-diesel.

25- Soap is the sodium or potassium salt of a fatty acid produced by heating fat/oil with alkali

(NaOH or KOH) in a process called saponification .

Fat + Alkali heat Glycerol + soap

26- The cleansing action of soaps includes:

a) Lowering the surface tension of water.

b) The head of the soap molecule dissolve in water, while tails dissolve in dirt (oil).

c) When water is shaken, grease will break into small droplet forming an emulsion.

d) These droplets are then rinsed off.

e) The clothes are free from oil or grease.

27- Polymer is a large molecule with a long chain made from large number of small molecule called

monomers.

28- Polymerization is process of joining monomers to make polymer.

29- Depolymerization is a process in which a polymer is broken down into the monomers.

30- Natural rubber is an example of natural polymer made up of monomers called isoprene.

31- Latex will coagulate in the presence of acid, while alkali will prevent its coagulation.

32- Natural rubber is soft, elastic, become sticky when exposed to high temperature .

33- Vulcanization is the process of adding sulphur to natural rubber making it harder and strong,

more resistant to heat,more elastic and does not become sticky at high temperature .



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PAPER 1

1. Which of the following elements contain in all carbon compounds?

Yang manakah antara unsur yang berikut terkandung dalam semua sebatian karbon?

A Carbon C. Nitrogen

B. Oxygen D. Hydrogen

2. Which of the following substances contains organic compound?

A. The air C. Water

B. The Soil D. Living things

3. Which of the following is an organic compound?

A. Protein C. Calcium carbonate

B. Carbon dioxide D. Sodium bicarbonate

4. An organic substances exhibit the following properties

sweet smell

Burns completely in air to produce

carbon dioxide and water

colorless

Which compound has that properties?

A. Diesel C. Ethanol

B. Petrol D. Citric acid

5. What are carbon dioxide and calcium carbonate?

A. Polymers C. Organic compounds

B. Monomers D. Inorganic compounds.

6. Why does petrol is grouped in hydrocarbon?

A. Contains polymers

B. Has high boiling point

C. Originate from living things

D. Consist of only carbon and hydrogen

7. Which of the following element is not found in the alcohol molecule?

A. Carbon C. Nitrogen

B. Oxygen D. Hydrogen



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8. Which of the following chemicals is the product of alcohol and organic acid

A. Perfume C. Lubricating oil

B. Biodiesel D. Synthetic rubber

9. The diagram shows an experiment.

Which of the following is the relevant process?

A. Polymerization C. Esterification

B. Fermentation D. Depolymerization

10. Which of the following enzyme is produced by yeast?

A. Amylase C. Zymase

B. Maltase D. Lipase

11. The diagram shows purification of ethanol.

Why does pure ethanol is obtained through this process?

A. Combustible

B. Soluble in water

C. Can react with acid

D. Has a dif ferent boili ng point compared to water



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12. Which of the following is the characteristic of ethanol as fuel?

A. I t is burns readil y

B. It is a colorless liquid

C. It has a low boiling point

D. It is miscible with water.

13. Which of the following is produced from the oxidized of alcohol?

A. Fat

B. Ester

C. Vinegar

D. Hydrocarbon

14. The following word equation shows the reaction to produce ester.

Concentrated sulphuric acid

Ethanol + X Ester + Water

What does X represent?

A. Glucose C. Yeast

B. Oxygen D. Ethanoic acid

15. Which of the following substances is made from ester?

A. Medicine C. Fuel

B. Flavouring D. Solvent

16. The diagram shows an experiment to produce substance Z.

What can be observed in the test tube on the right?

A. A white solid is formed C. Gas bubbles are produced

B. The mixture turns chalky D. A sweet smelling liquid is formed

17. What is the function of concentrated sulphuric acid in esterification process?

A. Catalyst C. Reactant

B. Product D. Coagulant



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18. Which of the following is the effect of alcohol on health?

A. Blind C. Cataract

B. Heart disease D. Diabetes

19. The equation shows the combustion of ethanol

Ethanol + Oxygen X + Y

What are X and Y?

X Y

A. Carbon dioxide Ester

B. Hydrogen Ester

C. Carbon dioxi de Water

D. Hydrogen Water

20. Which of the following elements are found in fat?

A. Carbon and hydrogen

21. The following information shows the characteristic of substance X

B. Sulphur, oxygen and calcium

C. Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

D. Hydrogen, calcium and nitrogen

originate from plants

liquid at room temperature

contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

What is X?

A. A saturated fat C. A natural polymer

B. An unsaturated fat D. A synthetic polymer

22. Which of the following statement is true about saturated fats?

A. Obtained from plants

B. Exist in a liquid form at room temperature

C. Contain double bond between the carbon atoms

D. Has a higher melti ng points than unsaturated fats

23. Which of the following is not caused by taking too much cholesterol in diet?

A. Stroke C. Heart attack

B. Di abetes D. Ar teriosclerosis



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24. The diagram shows a change in the lumen size of an artery

Which of the following substances can cause this change if it isconsumed?

A. Fat C. Protein

B. Sugar D. Alcohol

25. The following foods are sources of fats.

P Peanut oil

Q - Corn oil

R - Butter

S - Soya oil

T - Cheese

Which of the following group has unsaturated fats?

A. P, R, S C. R, S, T

B. P, Q,S D. Q, R, S

26. The diagram shows a cross section of an oil palm fruit.

Which part is containing very much palm oil ?

B

C

D

A

27. What is the process in which raw palm oil is obtained from oil palm fruit?

A. Extraction C. Purif ication

B. Distillation D. Sterilization

28. Which of the following nutritional substances is found in palm oil?

A. Iodine C. Vitamin E

B. Protein D. Vitamin C



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29. What does oil contain?

A. Glycerol and alcohol C. Fatty acid and hydrocarbon

B. Fatty acid and glycerol D. Glycerol and hydrocarbon

30. The statement below shows the steps in making soap.

UAdd salt and water to the mixture, then boil for a few minutes

VFilter the mixture

WAdd sodium hydroxide to oil

XBoil the mixture for 5 minutes

Which of the following steps is correct?

A. W, U, V, X

B. U, W, X, V

C. W, X, U, V

D. V, W, X, U

31. The diagram shows the structure of a soap molecule.

P Q

What is the suitable properties of P and Q?

P Q

A. Hydrophobic Hydrophilic

B. Hydrophili c Hydrophobic

C. Hydrophobic Hydrophobic

D. Hydrophilic Hydrophilic

32. Which of the following diagram illustrates the cleansing action of soap molecules

correctly?

C A

B D



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38. The diagram shows the steps of rubber reaction.

N

M

Latex Solid rubber vulcanized rubber

What substances are M and N?

M N

A. Ammonia Formic acid

B. Formic acid Sulphur

C. Sulphur Lactic acid

D. Ammonia Lactic acid

39. Which natural polymer is correctly paired to its monomers?

Natural polymer Monomer

A. Fats Amino acid

B. Starch Glucose

C. Carbohydrate Fatty acid

D. Protein Glycerol

40. The diagram shows the structure of rubber polymers before and

after undergoing

process P.

Process P

Before After

What is process P?

A. Coagulation C. Vulcanization

B. Polymerization D. Neutralization

41. Which of the following methods helps to make tyres harder and more heat resistant?

A. Heat natural rubber with sulphur

B. Add organic acid to natural rubber

C. Heating natural rubber with carbon

D. Add ammonium solution to natural rubber



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42. The diagram shows the change in the molecular structure of natural rubber when

stretched and released

Entangled rubber Rubber polymers

polymer stretche

What is that characteristics?

A. Soft C. Sticky

B. Elastic D. Heat resistant

43. Which of the following is the monomer for natural rubber?

A. Ethene C. Isoprene

B. Neoprene D. Methyl methacrylate

44. The diagram shows formation of a long chain

molecule from many small molecules.

What is the process?

A. Polymerization C. Esterification

B. Vulcanization D. Depolymerization

45. The following diagram shows the relationship between protein and amino acids

X

Protein

Amino acids

Y

Which of the following process are true of X and Y?

X Y

A. Depolimerization Polymerization

B. Polymerization Depolymerization

C. Vulcanization Crystallization

D. Crystallization Depolymerization

46. Which of the following is the potential use of palm oil?

A. Petrol C. Biogas

B. Alcohol D. Bio-diesel



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PAPER 2

SECTION A

1. Diagram 1 shows an experiment to study the amount of carbon dioxide released in

the fermentation process.

Diagram 1

The table below shows the result of the experiment.

Time (day) 0 1 2 3 4 5

26

Volume of gas / (cm) 0 10 20

30 30

a) Based on the data in the table above, draw a graph to show the relationship

between the gas volume and the number of days. (2 marks)

Volume of

gas (cm3 )

30

X

X

25

20

X

15

10

X

5

Number of days

X

4 1 2 3 5 0


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b) Determine from the graph the volume of gas collected on the third day.

(1 mark)

c) State the variables in this experiment;

Time

(i) manipulated variable :......

Volume of gas

(ii) responding variable : ..(2 marks)

d) What is the volume of gas collected on the sixth day?

30 cm

..

(1 mark)

d) What is the relationship between the volume of the gas and time?

The longer the time, the volume of gas increase

..

..

2. Diagram 2 shows

an experiment carried out

to study the characteristic

of vulcanized

rubber and natural rubber

of the same length.

Diagram 2

Table 2 shows the result of the experiment

Vulcanized Natural

Criteria

rubber rubber

Initial length of the rubber strip (cm) 15 15

The length when the 100g weight is hung (cm) 17.5 19.5

The increase in length because of the 100g weight (cm) 2.5

4.5

The length of the rubber strip after the weight is removed (cm) 15 16.5

Table 2

a) Calculate the increase in length of natural rubber when 100g weight was hung?(1 mark)



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b) State the hypothesis for this experiment?

Vul canized rubber is harder / more elastic than natur al r ubber

.

.

(1 mark)

c) What is the variable for this experiment?

the type of r ubber

i) manipulated:.

in iti al length of rubber stripe

ii) constant:..

(2 marks)

d) What is the operational definition for vulcanized rubber ?

Vul canized rubber is the rubber that wil l stretch and wil l r eturn to i ts

ori ginal length after the weigh t is removed.

.

(1 mark)

SECTION B

1. Diagram 3

shows the apparatus

arrangement to purify liquid X from a fermented

product.

79

78

77

76

75

Diagram 3

a) Mark in the diagram above, the direction of water in and out of the

Liebig condenser.

(1 mark)

b) i) What is liquid X?

Ethanol


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.. (1 mark)

ii) What is the reading of the thermometer?

78C

. (1 mark)



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c) What is the name of the process in Diagram 3?

distillation

.

(1 mark)

d) How can this process separate liquid X from the fermented product?

because the boili ng point for ethanol and other l iqui d are dif ferent/ liquid

X and water are diff erent.

(1 mark)

2. Table 3 shows the percentage of saturated fat and unsaturated fat in four types of fat

or oil.

Fat / oil Saturated fat (%) Unsaturated fat (%)

P 54 46

Q 30 70

R 35 65

S 9 91

T 68 32

Table 3

a) Complete the table above (1 mark)

b) Based on the table, draw a bar chart to show the percentage of saturated fat

versus type of fat.

(2 marks)

% of Saturated fat

60

50

40

30

20

10

Type of fat

S P Q R T



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c) i) Which of the substances P, Q, R,S and T is bad for health?

P and T

..

(1 mark)

ii) Give one reason for your answer in (b) (i).

P and T contains more amount of cholesterol / saturated fat

.(1 mark)

3. Diagram 4 shows the industrial process of palm oil in the factory.

Oil palm fruit

Separation of fruits

X

bunches

from the bunches

Purification

Steam flow

Digestion Extraction

Addition of

activated carbon

Diagram 4

a) What is the process in stage X?

Sterilization

. (1 mark)

b) What is the purpose of carrying out the following steps during the

purification stages?

i. Steam flow :

To kill bacteri a and fungi // stri pping off the fr uit

ii: Addition of activated carbon:

To remove the odor of crude palm oil // to decolor ized the palm oi l

...

(2 marks)

c) Diagram 5 shows a cross section of an oil palm fruit.

Mesocarp

M: ..

Shell

L: ..

KernelN: ..


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i) On Diagram 5, name L,M and N.

(3 marks)

ii) Name the part of the oil palm fruit where oil can be extracted.

Mesocarp and kernel

.

(1 mark)

d) State one advantage of using palm oil as cooking oil.

It contains vitamin A and vitamin E // It does not contain cholesterol

(1 mark)

e) Which of the following are the effects of taking high cholesterol ?

High blood pressure Stroke Diabetic mellitus Goiter

v v

4. Diagram 6 shows an experiment to study the reaction between ethanoic acid

and methanol.

Substance Y

Ethanoic acid

Solution P

Mixture of methanol

Methanol

and ethanoic acid

Water

Heated

Diagram 6

a) (i) What is the name of the process?

Esterification

(1 mark)

(ii) Name the substance Y.

Ester

.. (1 mark)

(iii) State two characteristics of substance Y?

Sweet odour / color less

1 .

Non-water soluble

2 .

(1 mark)

b) (i) What is solution P?

Concentrated sulphur ic acid

..

(1mark)


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(ii) What is the function of solution P?

to speed up the reaction

(1mark)

c) Complete the word equation to represent the reaction above?

EsterEthanoic acid

Methanol + . .. + water

(1mark)

5. Diagram 7 shows the process of making soap.

Substance Z

is added after

the mixture is

bolied.

Diagram 7

a) (i) What is X?

Sodium hydroxide solu tion / potassium hydroxide solu tion

(1 mark)

(ii) What is the function of X?

Reacts with f at to produce glycerol and soap

..

..

(1 mark)

b) (i) What is substance Z ?

Sodium chlor ide / common salt

.. (1 mark)

(ii) What is the function of substance Z?

To decrease solubil ity of soap and facil itate a separati on

.

(1 mark)

c) Diagram 8 shows the structure of a soap molecule.

In which substances do part S and T dissolve in?

S T

Diagram 8

Water Grease / fat

T: S:

(2 marks)



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SECTION C

1. A rubber planter observes that his latex turns to solid when ethanoic acid

is added. On the other hand, the latex maintains its liquid form when

ammonia is added.

a) Based on the statements above, make one suitable hypothesis.

(1 mark)

b) Describe the experiment that can be carried out in a laboratory to prove this

hypothesis. Your description should include the following:

i- Aim of the experiment: (1

mark)

ii- Identification of variable; (2 marks)

Manipulated:

Responding:

Fixed:

iii- List the apparatus and materials (1 mark)

iv- Method (3 marks)

v- Data analysis (1 mark)

vi- Conclusion: (1 mark)

ANSWER

a) Hypothesis : Acid caused the coagulation of latex, whereas alkali / ammonia

soluti on prevent coagulation of latex.

b) i- Aim of the experiment:

to study the eff ect of acid and alkal i / ammonia on latex

ii- Identification of variable;

Manipulated: acid ethanoic and ammonia

Responding: The state of latex / latex coagulate or not

Fixed: The volume of acid / ammonia / latex / alkali

ii i- L ist the apparatus and materi als

Beaker, dropper, glass rod,latex, ethanoic acid,measuring cylinder,

ammonia soluti on

iv- Method

1. Latex is poured in to a container and ethanoic acid is added.

2. Latex is poured in to another container and ammonia is added.

3. The latex in both container is observed after 10 minu tes.

v- Data analysis

Type of solution added The state of latex

Latex + ethanoic acid

Latex + ammonia

vi- Conclusion:

Acids caused the coagulation of latex, whereas ammonia prevents

coagulation of latex.



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2. a) State 4 reasons why palm oil is considered to be unsaturated fat.

(4 marks)

b) Diagram 10 above shows examples of fat.

CHEESE BUTTER GHEE

Diagram 9

Study the information above and construct the concept of saturated fats.

Your answer should be based on the following steps.

i- Identify the information (1 mark)

ii- Identify the common characteristic (1 mark)

iii- Relates the common characteristic of saturated fats in order to

construct the initial concept. (1 mark)

iv- Give an example with reason of another saturated fat and

unsaturated fat. (2

marks)

v- State the actual concept of saturated fats. (1 mark)

ANSWER

a)

1. Palm oil has a low melti ng point

2. Palm oil i s a li quid at room temperatur e

3. Palm oil originates fr om plants

4. Palm oil parti cles contain double bonds / no cholesterol

b) i- Identify the information:

Butter and ghee

ii- Identify the common characteristic

Butter / ghee originates from animals

Butter / ghee is solid at room temperature

They have high melting point

They are solid at room temperature

iii- Relates the common characteristic of unsaturated fats in order to

construct the initial concept.

The substances which have low melting point and are solid at room

temperature are unsaturated

iv- Give an example with reason of another satur ated fat and unsatur ated fat.

Saturated: chicken fat / tallow because originate from animals / exist in

solid at room temperature

Unsaturated: peanut oil / corn oil / sesame oil / olive oil because

originate from plants / exist liquid at room temperature

v- State the actual concept of saturated fats.

Saturated fats are fats that originate from animal which have high melting

points / which are soli d at room temperature.



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3. a) State 4 differences between organic and inorganic carbon compounds.

(4 marks)

b)

Compounds

Ethanol

Natural Rubber Natural Gas Carbohydrate

s

Study the scheme diagram above. Explain how you would develop a concept

based on the information. Your explanation of the concept should include the

following.

i- Identify two common characteristic. (2 marks)

ii- Develop an initial concept of carbon compounds. (1 mark)

iii- Give one other example and non-example of carbon compounds.

with reason (2 marks)

iv- Develop the aactual concept. (1 mark)

ANSWER

a)

No Organic compounds I norganic compounds

1 Obtained fr om li ving things Obtained fr om non-l iving things

2 Soluble in organic solvent such as Soluble in inorgani c solvent such as

alcohol water

3 Low melting point H igh melting point

4 Bi g size of molecule Small size of molecule

b)

i- Identify two common characteristic.

All these compounds contain carbon.

All these compounds originate from living things (animals / plants)

ii- Develop an initial concept of carbon compounds.

The compounds / substances that contain carbon and originate from

li ving th ings are carbon compounds

iii- Give one other example and non-example of carbon compounds with reason.

Exampleprotein / fat / sugar / petrol / cellulose

ReasonOriginate from living things

Non-examplecarbon dioxide / calcium carbonate

Reasonoriginate from non-living things

iv- Develop the actual concept

Carbon compounds are compounds which contain carbon element and

originate from li ving things

.



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4. a) You are given palm oil and sodium hydroxide solution. Using these materials and

other materials with specific apparatus, name the process to form soap.

Explain the method of the process. (4 marks)

b) A student who was riding his motorcycle noticed that his motorcycle has a problem.

He tried to repair his motorcycle. While repairing his motorcycle, his school uniform

got dirty by grease. Explain how this student can remove the grease on his

uniform. The explanation should include the following items.

i- Identify the problem. (1 mark)

ii- Name the substance that is used to solve the problem. (1 mark)

iii- The procedure in cleaning action . (3 marks)

iv- Result for the problem solving. (1 mark)

ANSWER

a) Processsaponification

Method -

1. The mixtur e of pal oil and sodium hydroxide soluti on are heated

unti l boil ed in a beaker.

2. The salt soluti on is added into the boili ng mixtur e.

3. The heating process is continued.

4. The mix ture is fi ltered using fi lter paper and fi lter funnel.

5. The soap can be collect on the sur face of fi lter paper

b)

i- Identify the problem.

His school uniform was dirty by grease

ii- Name the substance that is used to solve the problem.

Soap / detergent

iii- The procedure in cleaning action .

Soap dissolved in water.

Lowers the surface tension of water.

The head of the soap molecule dissolve in water, while tails dissolve in

dirt (oil).

When the water is shaken, grease will break into small droplet forming

an emul sion.

These droplets are then rinsed off.

iv- Result for the problem solving.

Soap is used to clean the clothes from oil and grease


ch 12 carbon compound tc.doc

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