ch 12 mongol eurasia and its aftermath
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Ch 12 Mongol Eurasia and Its Aftermath. Warm Up Chapter 11 Notes. Define Chinampa : Location of the Maya Capital City of the Mayan: Bloodletting: Religion of the Aztecs was based on: Aztecs believed gods needed __________ to survive Define Mit’a. I. Rise of the Mongols, 1200-1600 - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Ch 12 Mongol Eurasia and Its Aftermath
1. Define Chinampa:2. Location of the Maya3. Capital City of the Mayan:4. Bloodletting:5. Religion of the Aztecs was based on:6. Aztecs believed gods needed __________
to survive7. Define Mit’a
Warm Up Chapter 11 Notes
I. Rise of the Mongols, 1200-1600A. Nomadism in Central and Inner AsiaThe Mongols were nomadic people who
were fierce warriors and skilled horsemenNomads depended on scarce water sources
and pasturesConflict occurs because of scarcity of
resourcesSocial Hierarchy:Were divided into separate clans, each ruled
by a khan, or chiefWomen often negotiated alliances between
khansWomen were in charge of the selection of a
successor often a relative would be secured
Religious Impact: Mongol’s were religiously acceptingMongol khans were thought to represent
the Sky god and were seen as universal rulers
B. Mongol Conquests, 1215-1283Genghis Khan conquered all of north China
and threatened the Southern SongIn 1265 Mongols had three empires: Il Khan,
Golden Horde, and Great Khan (Mongol home empire)
Khubilai declared himself Great Khan in 1265
Yuan Empire, capital Beijing in 1271 and in 1279 Yuan conquered Song Empire
Ghengis Khan
Factors of Mongol Conquest:Superior Horsemanship, better bows, and
techniques of using bows on calvalryGenghis Khan organized the Mongols into a
powerful military machine and his armies were highly mobile and could strike quickly
Used brutality and psychological warfareC. Overland trade and plagueOverland trade routes brought about
integration of cultures, technologies, and science
Diseases included bubonic plague spread through trade routes of Empire
During night operations he ordered each soldier to light three torches at dusk to give the illusion of an overwhelming army and deceive and intimidate enemy scouts.
He also sometimes had objects tied to the tails of his horses, so that riding on open and dry fields raised a cloud of dust that gave the enemy the impression of great numbers. His soldiers used arrows specially notched to whistle as they flew through the air, creating a terrifying noise.
Tamerlane, an heir to the Mongol martial tradition, built a pyramid of 90,000 human heads in front of the walls of Delhi, to convince them to surrender.
Other tactics included firing severed human heads from catapults into enemy lines and over city walls to frighten enemy soldiers and citizens and spread diseases in the close confines of a besieged city. the Mongols under Janibeg catapulted corpses infected with plague into the trading city of Kaffa in Crimea. The dismayed Genoese traders withdrew, bringing the plague back with them to Italy and beginning the European phase of the Black Death!
Marco Polo
Marco Polo’s Route
Marco Poloprobably the most famous Westerner traveled
on the Silk Road. He excelled all the other travelers in his determination, his writing, and his influence. His journey through Asia lasted 24 years. He reached further than any of his predecessors, beyond Mongolia to China. He became a confidant of Kublai Khan (1214-1294). He traveled the whole of China and returned to tell the tale, which became the greatest travelogue.
Marco PoloMarco, a gifted linguist and master of four
languages, became a favorite with the khan and was appointed to high posts in his administration. He served at the Khan's court and was sent on a number of special missions in China, Burma and India. Many places which Marco saw were not seen again by Europeans until last century. Marco went on great length to describe Kublia's capital, ceremonies, hunting and public assistance, and they were all to be found on a much smaller scale in Europe.
II. Mongols and Islam, 1260-1500A. Mongol RivalryIl Khan location: included Armenia,
Azerbaijan, Mesopotamia, and IranRelations between Buddhist: were tense
because Mongols had murdered the last Abbasid caliph
Russia was under domination of the Golden Horde
Mongols tried to drive Muslims out of Syria, Lebanon, and Palestine
B. Islam and the StateThe goal of the states was to collect tax
revenue for the empire through tax farmingtax farming delivered: a large amount of
grain, cash, and silkOver taxation led to increase in price of
grain, and a severe economic crisisC. Culture and ScienceRashid al-Din: was a Jew who converted to
Islam and served as an advisor to the Il-khan ruler
Historian who wrote about the Mongol ruleAstronomy, calendar making, and
prediction of eclipsesMathematics, adapted Indian numerical
system, value of pi
III. Regional ResponseA. RussiaKievan Rus made capital at mouth of
Volga at the end of the trade routeCapital city was determined by the
Mongols who ruled the areaMain objective of the Golden Horde
(Russia) was to extract as much tax as possible
Under the rule of Alexander of Novgorod, Moscow emerged as center of Russia
Mongol domination had a negative effect on Russia bringing economic depression and cultural isolation
Ivan the III ended the rule of the Mongols in 1480 and adopted the title tsar
B. Eastern EuropeHungary and Poland faced Mongols
aloneMongols attack EuropeContact between Mongols and
Europeans increased after Mongol withdrawal bringing knowledge about geography, natural resources, commerce, and technology
IV. Mongol Domination in China, 1271-1368A. Yuan EmpireUnder Khubilai Khan Chinese
Government was based on Chinese traditions, Beijing capital
Mongols unified Tanggut, Jin, and Song empires into one
Mongols government: Included tax farming, use of
Muslims as officials, merchants and doctors were elevated while Confucius had a weak role
Kublai Khan
Chinese cities and ports:Under Mongol rule ports and cities
prospered, trade flourished, and merchant class became important. Merchants came together and created corporations
Elite people moved from suburbs to the cities because of the prosperity of cites
Mandarin dialect develops during this time period
Agriculture:Rural areas had cotton growing, spinning,
and weavingConstruction of irrigation systemsFarmers were overtaxed and brutalized by
the Yuan Empire
B. Culture and Science ExchangeYuan and Il khan empires shared
knowledge like algebra, trigonometryMedical texts, seeds, and formulas were
brought to China from PersiaC. Fall of Yuan Empire
Kublai Khan tried to expand his empireSent several invading forces into
Southeast Asia, which all failedHe also tried to invade Japan twice, but
failed againThese military losses, along with
Chinese resentment of foreign rule, led to rebellion that ended the Yuan dynasty
Jurchens are invaders of the north that were loyal to the Mongols that will threaten the Ming Dynasty
Zhu
V. Ming Empire, 1368-1500A. Ming ChinaZhu capital at Nanjing to reject Mongol
ideas and create own empireZhu Yuanzhang overthrew Mongols and
reasserted Confucian ideologyMoved the capital to Beijing Created the forbidden cityMilitary service: heredity service,
people from the Mongols served in the army despite being taken over
Expeditions and trade routes:
One Ming ruler sponsored overseas voyagesChinese admiral Zheng He led seven
voyages that brought back 2 giraffes and many luxury goods
Zheng He traveled with 300 shipsOverall not profitable voyages
Made contact with the first Europeans since Marco Polo, the PortugueseRestricted foreign trade to a few portsMing disliked the influence of
Europeans, especially the missionaries – wanted to preserve China’s traditions
B. Technology and Population Metallurgy, high cost of wood and
metal:Slowdown in technology due to high
cost of metals and wood, revival of civil service exam
Fear of technology transfer?Korea surpassed in firearms,
shipbuilding, calendar makingJapan surpassed in mining, metallurgyKorea—firearms, shipbuilding,
meteorology, calendar making
C. Ming AchievementPeriod of great wealthMing novels include Water Margin and
Romance of the Three KingdomsPorcelain making and lacquer excelled
along with silk
The Ming emperors decided to isolate China from the outside world
Decline due to weak rulers, corruption, and high taxes, which all leads to a peasant revolt
The Manchus, a group of people who live in Manchuria, invade and conquer the peasant revolt
The last Ming emperor commits suicide
VI. Militarism in East Asia, 1200-1500A. Korea, 1231-1500Korea resisted Mongol invasions:Korea gave up resistance in 1258 when
Koryo surrendered and joined Mongols by marriage
Yi dynasty: came to power after Koryo collapsed
Yi included local calendar, use of fertilizer, cash crops
B. Japan, 1274-1500Invasion of the Mongols:Japan became
decentralized because of invasions of the Mongols
Shoguns took steps to centralize and get ready for second assault of Mongols
2nd Mongol invasion, 12812nd invasion was repelled but strained
Japan financiallyShoguns, Samurai: Shoguns are military
leaders, samurai are military warriors
Samurai
Samurai
Samurai HistoryAt first they were bodyguards for tax
collectors and clans
Their skill in martial arts proved very helpful
Because of the help they eventually became powerful
Samurai HistoryTheir clans became the political power in
Japan
The emperor now was hiring samurai to protect him as well
They soon became the bodyguards or military of the emperor
Samurai HistoryShoguns and clans now had military backing
and could fight for land
Many clans fought for power and land
Samurais were now the military power of Japan
ShogunsShoguns were warlords of Japan
They ruled with a military dictatorship
