ch 13 and 14 student template ppt 2010
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ch 13 and 14 ppt templateTRANSCRIPT
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Ch 13: Forests, Parks and
Landscapes
Forests are:
a. Economically important
1.
b. Ecologically important
1.
2.
3.
4.
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Deforestation
1. One of the most crucial environmental
concerns of our times
2. Direct causes • a.
b.
c. in developing world = major source of fuel
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Case Study:Paper and Deforestation
1. U.S. and paper:a. We (5% or world’s pop.) use 30% of paperb.
2. Global wood usea. Predicted to double by 2050b.
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3. Toxic Pollution and Waste
a.
b. Pollutants: Bleaching paper:
Chlorine
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c. Paper is the dominant material in solid waste!
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4. Alternatives to wood in paper
a. Kenaf (from East Indies)
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b. Hemp (first paper 105 A.D. - China)
One of world’s most versatile fibers.
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c. Wheat, sugar cane and other agricultural straw(agricultural waste)
d. Flax (used for over 2000 yrs)
5. Recycled paper into new
a. Down from 10% (1990) to 5% today (consumer apathy)
b. Not easily marketable.
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Forest Management
1. Two types of forests:a.b.
2. Most logging is on private and U.S. forest service lands
3. ________________________________for “the greatest amount of good for the greatest amount of people”
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U.S.F.S. and multiple use policy:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e. conservationists call this policy
“multiple misuse”
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3.Logging strategies:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
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4.Effects of clear-cutting
a. Increased..
1.
2.
3. landslides likely on steep slopes
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© 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers
Effects of clearcutting on forest chemical cycling.
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5. Forests mgmt may also include prescribed burning. (clear underbrush)
6. Plantation Forestry
a. also called
b. often planted after clearcutting
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Parks and Preserves
1. General info. (10% land set aside)
a. National and State Park Service _____________________vs. Forest Service (______________________)
b. Natl. Parks managed by ________________
. Each state manages own.
c. First Natl. Park in US was Yellowstone in 1872
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2. Parks and preserves as islands
a. park vs nature reserve/wilderness
1. park =
2. natl. reserve… =
b. island biogeography
1. size and diversity of habitats
affects # of species that
may be maintained there
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3.Designing a preserve
a. larger, more varied habitats = better
b. Connectivity –
c.
d.
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© 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers
Park shapes and island biogeography. Good – large
area protects many species
Small areas but over more than one area can be better insurance
Best – wildlife corridors connect
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4.Conserving Wilderness
a. Wilderness = undisturbed, roadless habitat
b. U.S. Wilderness Act of 1964 “Humans can ‘visit’, not machines!”
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Ch 14: Wildlife, Fisheries and Endangered Species
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Managing wildlife populations
a. Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY)
b. Minimum Viable Population (endangered species)
c. Optimum Sustainable Population
d. Carrying Capacity
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Over 70% global fishes considered overfished
Fisheries
a. Wild fish harvests are declining
b. continental shelf = 95% harvesting
(upwelling, nutrients, algae)
Harmful commercial fishing techniques:
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An estimated 2 billion hooks are set each year by longline fishing fleets, killing 40,000 sea turtles, over 300,000 sea birds and millions of sharks annually, to name a few.
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Gillnetting
Alaskan pink salmon are evolving into smaller fish, the ones who make it through the gill nets survive to reproduce.
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For every pound of shrimp caught, 10 - 20 lbs of bycatch “trawl trash” is killed and discarded!
The area of the seafloor trawled is equal to 150X the area of forests clear cut each year!
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Aquaculture now accounts for about 1/3 of our seafood.
Now due to environmental problems marine aquaculture is being revisited.
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© 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers
The world’s major fisheries.
Red = upwelling and
high production
Yellow = moderate production
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Who’s being depleted?Virtually every large fish in the ocean: Including, but not limited to:
All have declined by 90% since industrialized fishing after WWII.
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Fisheries in total collapse:OystersBluefin and Albacore TunaSardinesAtlantic CodAnchovies from Peru Salmon from Pacific Northwest
(Alaska is OK)
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World Fisheries Congress
1992 and 1996
Every major country discusses codes of conduct/harvesting….
Established
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Today: 80% of our fish must be imported:
Case Study : Local Depletion of Rock Fish
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2nd Case Study – Atlantic Cod
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Fish caught are getting younger and younger.
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Whales and Whaling•11. Great whales and whaling
a. Subsistence vs. commercial whaling
b. heaviest losses in 20th century with high tech whaling equip
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2.Commercial value
a. much less $$ than fisheries
b. but a few crucial products (whale oil)
c. __________________________established in 1946 set moratorium on commercial whaling
in 1982 (very important!)
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Species depleted, in order, by commercial whalers:
*Right WhalesHumpback WhalesSperm WhalesBlue WhalesFin WhalesMinke Whales
More difficult to catch, not as valuable
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Who Violates Ban?20000 have been slaughtered since the
ban in 1986
• (under guise of “scientific research”)
• – says the “rats of the sea” are responsible for crash of fisheries!
• IWC contemplating RMS
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Dolphins, porpoises…
a. Commercial and accidental hunting (tuna netting)
b. cooperation and boycotting has helped establish measures
to reduce bycatch mortality
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Endangered Species
• Intl. Union of Concerned Scientists (IUCC) Red List says, at risk of extinction are:
• of all known mammals• of all known birds• of all known reptiles• of all known amphibians
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Natural Causes of Extinction
• Population fluctuations (if pop is very low)• Environmental Variations• Natural Catastrophes• Genetic changes (Small pops)
Human Causes of Extinction