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Person Area of Study Time Period Major Contributions/Beliefs/Important

Facts

Major Works

Copernicus Science 1473-1543 Heliocentric universe Threat to Church authority Rejected by the Catholic Church Condemned 1616

On The Revolution of Heavenly Spheres

Galileo Science 1564-1642 1609: first used a telescope New science: more than arguments

and facts

Natural philosopher for Medicis Universe based on mathematics New philosophy: mechanistic Changing views of divine purpose Reconcile religion and science Church rejects Galileos views

Starry Messenger(1610) (Copernican theory

must be true)

Letters on Sunspots(1613) (Copernican

theory must be true)

Dialogue on the Two Chief World Systems

(1623)

Newton Science 1642-1727 Mathematician and Physicist Basis for Modern Physics Proponent of empirical data and

observation

Scientific method Opponent of Descartes and

rationalism

Philosophiae Naturalis Principia

Mathematica (orderly planetary movement

because of mutual attraction and gravity)

Harvey Science 1578-1657 Leading Medical Scientist Doctor to James I Founder of Modern Physiology

De Motu Cordis

Brahe Science 1546-1601 Advocated earth centered system Better instruments for naked eye

observation

Extensive data for KeplerKepler Science 1571-1630 Disagreed with Brahe

Motion of planets is elliptical Relates varying planet speeds Framework for heliocentric

The New Astronomy(1609) (based on

Brahes empirical data and Copernicus

heliocentric universe model)

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universe

Mechanistic viewpointBoyle Science 1627-1691 Philaretus (Lover of Truth)

Boyles Law

Chemical Analysis

The Sceptical Chymist

Hooke Science 1635-1703 cells in cork tissue MicrographiaDiscourse of Earthquakes

Descartes Philosophy 1596-1650 Break with Scholasticism andAristotelianism

Mind and body dualism (body is forthe use of the senses; mind used to

prove truth but the body can be

tricked)

Should master and improve oneself

Discourse on Methods(rationalism; truth in

math and science must be discovered

through thoughts)

Cartesian Circle (we have the ability to

rationalize and clearly perceive God exists)

Cogito, Ergo Sum (I think, therefore I am)

(the mind has to exist)

Moral Code (we should follow accepted

laws even if theyre stupid)

Hobbes Philosophy 1588-1679 English Supported absolutism Liked Galileo and Descartes Opposed Scholasticism and the old

ways of thinking

Hates wars and chaos Desires religious uniformity Negative view of human nature (all

animalistic)

Social Contract ( absolutism; everyone is

free and equal but we give our consent to

the government to be governed)

Spinoza Philosophy 1632-1677 Jewish Incorporated Protestant ideas Inspired by Descartes Inspired by but challenges dualism

Theologico-Political Treatise(1670)(explains

geometric proofs and challenges dualism)

Ethics(1677) (God and nature are one in the

same; questions are okay; emotion is more

important than reason; no inherent good or

evil; nature is all good and if it doesnt seem

like it its a result of limited human

understanding)

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Leibniz Philosophy 1646-1716 Curb Louis XIV Scholasticism should be

analyzed(not necessarily bad)

Theodicy(1704/1710) (best of allpossibly

worldsPangloss- because God, who is

perfect, created it)

The Monadology(monads help the universe

move and control life; opposite of free will)

Discourse on Metaphysics

New Essays on Human Understanding

Locke Philosophy 1632-1704 Discusses governments and humanunderstanding based on experience

and observation

Essay Concerning Human Understanding

Second Treatise of Government

(Government is responsible for protecting

the life, liberty, and property of governed;

less extreme than absolutism)

Letter Concerning Toleration (religious)

Pascal Philosophy/the

Church

1623-1662 French Refuted Scholasticism and

Descartes

Reconcile reasoning and faith Disliked religious extremes A loving God exists (anti skepticism-

God only exists because of religion

or because of reason God doesnt

exist and religion is pointless)

Humanity is corrupt and unworthyof God (in natural state)

Leap of Faith (separate religionand reason; science guides towardsnot explains faith and grace)

Calculator

Probability theory

On the Art of Persuasion (theories cant be

understood without God)

The Pensees (defend Christianity;

probability means we should live like God

exists; we cant understand everything but

grace and humility help understanding)

Bacon Philosophy 1561-1626 Science moves forward with newtechnology, ideas, methods, and

discoveries

Father of empiricism Bible and nature (natural world)

are two books with one author

To understand the natural world is

De Augmentis Scientarium (advancement of

learning)

The New Atlantis(scientific utopia)

Magna Insaturatio/ Part II New Organon

(Novum Organum)(branch out in methods

and ideas; dont get stuck in old ways)

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to understand divinity (natural

theology)

Bernini Art (Baroque 1598-1680 Sculptor Architect (ornate and dramatic)

Catholic (inspire religious fervor) Physical naturalism (in motion)

David(1623-1624)

Ecstasy of St. Theresa (1652)

St. Peters Basilica and Square

Rubens Art (Dutch Realism) 1577-1640 Baroque style Crowded but controlled Vitality, space, and symbolism Catholic Spiritual and mythological

Christ Risen(1617)

Carravaggio Art (Baroque) 1573-1610 Father of Baroque painting Physical and emotional reality

(naturalism)

Tenebrism (dramatic lighting) Chiascuro (light and dark shading) Mostly Catholic paintings (opposed

Protestan threat and rational

painting)

The Calling of Saint Matthew

Crucifixion of Saint Peter (1601)

Velasquez Art (Baroque) 1599-1660 Free, loose style Religious and secular subjects Court of Philip IV

Las Meinas(1656)

Rembrandt Art (Dutch Realism) 1606-1669 Dutch Realism Portraits Protestant Realism Chiaroscuro (light and shadow) Human nature Character Motivation

Philosopher in Meditation (1632)

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Daily life (working class) Storyteller (every detail counts) Biblical

Vermeer Art (Dutch Realism) 1632-1675 Dutch realist Quiet/still/soft-spoken Bright colors Inner tension (grounded in life but

somehow

disconnected)(psychological and

spiritual)

Forced questions Domestic scenes Light and space to evoke intimacy Celebrates life and success

The Procuress(1632)

Van Dyck Art (Baroque) 1599-1641 Flemish Baroque Court/Churches in England Iconography Print making Color Harmony between humans,

animals, and nature

Charles I King of England at the Hunt(1635)

Rigaud Art (Baroque) 1659-1743 Portraits Symbol of absolutism (for Louis

XIV)

Portrait of Louis XIV(1702)

Hardouin-

Mansart and

LeBrun

Art (Baroque) *1661* Design for the Sun King Emphasis on grandeur and power

of king

Emphasized Counter Reformationand absolutism

Versailles

Cavendish Women/Science 1623-1673 Scientific literature Understood and debated/argued

Observations Upon Experimental Philosophy

(1666)

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new science

Solve practical problems Grounds of Natural Philosophy(1668)Description of a New World, Called theBlazing World(1666)(introduce women to

new science)

de Fontenelle Conversation on the Plurality of Worlds

Chatelet Newtonianism for Ladies(1737)

Cunitz

Elisabetha/

Johannes

Hevelius

Maria

Winkelmann/

Gottfried

Kirch

Women/Science German female astronomer Astronomer couple 1703 Winkelmann discovered

comet, not ascribed to her instead

of husband until 1930

Racine Literature

Corneille Literature

Moliere Literature

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Milton Literature

Dryden Literature

Butler Literature

Cervantes Literature