ch. 15 social psychology. social psychology is the scientific study of the ways in which the...
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Ch. 15 Social Psychology
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Social psychology is the scientific study of the ways in which the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors of one individual are influenced by the real, imagined, or inferred behavior or characteristics of other people.
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1. Social Cognition A. Impression Formation
Schemata - ready-made categories Primacy effect
Early info weighs more Self-fulfilling prophecy
We bring about expected behavior in another person
Stereotypes A set of characteristics believed to be
shared by all members of a social category
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B. Attribution Explaining behavior Biases
Fundamental attribution error Overemphasize personal causes for others and
underestimate personal causes for self
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Defensive attribution Success attributed to own efforts, failure to
external factors Just-world hypothesis - assume bad things happen
to bad people Attribution across cultures
Varies dramatically
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C. Interpersonal Attraction Proximity - living or working close Physical Attractiveness
Power assumptions about character Similarity
In attitudes, interests, values, background Exchange
We like people who appreciate us Intimacy - self disclosure
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2. Attitudes A. The Nature of Attitudes
Attitudes and behaviors Relatively stable beliefs, feelings, and behaviors
(math) Self-monitoring
Behave as others expect Attitude development
Imitation Reward Teachers Peers Mass media
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B. Prejudice and Discrimination Prejudice
Unfair attitude Sources of prejudice
Frustration-aggression theory Displaced frustration - scapegoat
Authoritarian personality Rigidly conventional
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Racism Directed at particular racial group
Modern racism More subtle
Institutional racism $36,915 average income of white family $21,423 average income of African-American
family
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Reducing prejudice Recategorize
Catholics and Protestants view themselves as Christians
Education Equal status contact and one-to-one contact Cooperation
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C. Attitude Change Process of Persuasion
1. Attention 2. Comprehending 3. Accepting
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Communication Model Source Message Medium Audience
Cognitive dissonance Two contradictory cognitions
Increase consonant elements
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D. Compliance Change in behavior in response to a request
E. Obedience Obey orders
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3. Social Influence3. Social Influence
A. Cultural Influence Norm
Shared idea about how to behave B. Cultural Assimilators
technique of asking why people behave a certain way - staying open-minded
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C. Conformity Yield to social norms Conformity across cultures
Varies - higher in collectivist cultures
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D. Compliance Change in behavior in response to a request from
someone foot-in-the-door (get them to say yes first) lowball (get compliance then raise price) door-in-the-face (get them to decline large request
then ask something smaller)
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E. Obedience Change in behavior in response to a command Milgram
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4. Social Action4. Social Action
A. Deindividuation Loss of personal sense of responsibility in a group
B. Helping Behavior Altruistic behavior - helping behavior that is not linked
to personal gain Bystander effect - helpfulness decreases as
bystanders increase Helping behavior across cultures
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C. Group Dynamics Polarization in group decision making
Shift toward more extreme position The effectiveness of groups
Groupthink - Bay of Pigs invasion, Watergate cover-up, Challenger disaster
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Group Leadership Great person theory
Personal qualities qualify one to lead
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D. Organizational Behavior Productivity
Hawthorne effect Just attention of experimenter changed
behavior Communication and responsibility
Buy-in is important Shared governance