ch. 15 the chromosomal basis of inheritance...human disorders due to chromosomal alterations down...

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1 Nov 12 12:58 PM Ch. 15 The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

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Page 1: Ch. 15 The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance...Human disorders due to chromosomal alterations Down syndrome aneuploid condition 1 in 700 in U.S. extra chromosome 21 aka trisomy 21 characteristics:

1Nov 12 ­ 12:58 PM

Ch. 15The Chromosomal Basis of 

Inheritance

Page 2: Ch. 15 The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance...Human disorders due to chromosomal alterations Down syndrome aneuploid condition 1 in 700 in U.S. extra chromosome 21 aka trisomy 21 characteristics:

2Nov 12 ­ 1:00 PM

Essential Question:

Are chromosomes the basis of inheritance?

Page 3: Ch. 15 The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance...Human disorders due to chromosomal alterations Down syndrome aneuploid condition 1 in 700 in U.S. extra chromosome 21 aka trisomy 21 characteristics:

3Nov 12 ­ 1:01 PM

1902­ Walter S. Sutton, Theodor Boveri, et al Chromosome Theory of Inheritance

­ There are specific loci on chromosomes and it is the chromosomes that undergo segregation and independent assortment

Page 4: Ch. 15 The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance...Human disorders due to chromosomal alterations Down syndrome aneuploid condition 1 in 700 in U.S. extra chromosome 21 aka trisomy 21 characteristics:

4Nov 12 ­ 1:06 PM

Thomas Hunt Morgan­ early 20th century­ first to provide evidence that chromosomes contained heritable factors

­used fruit flies (Drosphilia melanogaster)­quick breeders (offspring in 2 weeks)­produce hundreds of offspring­only 4 pairs of chromosomes

­3 pair autosomes, 1 pair sex chromosomes­chromosomes can be seen with light     microscope

Page 5: Ch. 15 The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance...Human disorders due to chromosomal alterations Down syndrome aneuploid condition 1 in 700 in U.S. extra chromosome 21 aka trisomy 21 characteristics:

5Nov 12 ­ 1:20 PM

Fruit flies­wild type= normal phenotype for a character­mutant phenotype= alternative trait to wild type

w = allele for white eyes in fruit fliesw     = allele for wild­type (red eyes)

the gene takes the symbol from the first mutant discovered

+

Page 6: Ch. 15 The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance...Human disorders due to chromosomal alterations Down syndrome aneuploid condition 1 in 700 in U.S. extra chromosome 21 aka trisomy 21 characteristics:

6Nov 12 ­ 1:28 PM

Morgan discovered sex linked inheritance mated a white­eyed male  vs. red­eyed female

F1 generation = all red­eyed

F2 generation = 3:1 ratio, red:white but white eyes only in males

therefore: eye color is related to its sexsupported evidence of chromosome theory:specific genes carried on specific chromosomes

Page 7: Ch. 15 The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance...Human disorders due to chromosomal alterations Down syndrome aneuploid condition 1 in 700 in U.S. extra chromosome 21 aka trisomy 21 characteristics:

7Nov 12 ­ 1:36 PM

Since chromosomes have hundreds of genes on same chromosome, they tend to be inherited together in crosses called linked genes

evidence for linked genes

Page 8: Ch. 15 The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance...Human disorders due to chromosomal alterations Down syndrome aneuploid condition 1 in 700 in U.S. extra chromosome 21 aka trisomy 21 characteristics:

8Nov 12 ­ 1:42 PM

Genetic recombination and LinkageRecombination of unlinked genes

YyRr x yyrr

if offspring match the parent phenotypes= parental typesif offspring do not match parent phenotypes = recombinant types or recombinants

Page 9: Ch. 15 The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance...Human disorders due to chromosomal alterations Down syndrome aneuploid condition 1 in 700 in U.S. extra chromosome 21 aka trisomy 21 characteristics:

9Nov 12 ­ 1:47 PM

if 50% of offspring are recombinants, then there is a 50% frequency of recombination

­this is seen if any two genes are located on different chromosomes

­*due to random orientation of homologous chromosomes on metaphase 1 plate of meiosis= independent assortment of alleles

Page 10: Ch. 15 The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance...Human disorders due to chromosomal alterations Down syndrome aneuploid condition 1 in 700 in U.S. extra chromosome 21 aka trisomy 21 characteristics:

10Nov 20­7:13 AM

Determining Recombination Frequency

Page 11: Ch. 15 The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance...Human disorders due to chromosomal alterations Down syndrome aneuploid condition 1 in 700 in U.S. extra chromosome 21 aka trisomy 21 characteristics:

11Nov 12 ­ 1:51 PM

Recombination of linked genes

what Morgan saw in his flies was crossing over that caused recombination of linked genes

­happens during prophase 1 in meiosis

­portions of nonsister chromatids trade places each time  crossover occurs­ bring alleles in new combinations

Page 12: Ch. 15 The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance...Human disorders due to chromosomal alterations Down syndrome aneuploid condition 1 in 700 in U.S. extra chromosome 21 aka trisomy 21 characteristics:

12Nov 12 ­ 1:56 PM

Genetic mapping:discovered by Alfred Sturdevant

genetic map =ordered list of the genetic loci along a particular chromosome­recombination frequencies depend on the distance the genes are apart

*the farther apart two genes are, the higher probability that a crossover will occur between them and therefore the higher the recombination frequency

Page 13: Ch. 15 The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance...Human disorders due to chromosomal alterations Down syndrome aneuploid condition 1 in 700 in U.S. extra chromosome 21 aka trisomy 21 characteristics:

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A partial genetic map of a Drosophila chromosome

Page 14: Ch. 15 The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance...Human disorders due to chromosomal alterations Down syndrome aneuploid condition 1 in 700 in U.S. extra chromosome 21 aka trisomy 21 characteristics:

14Nov 12 ­ 1:59 PM

linkage map = a genetic map based on the recombination frequencies

­is map of order of genes on a chromosome,   but not precise locations

map units= distance between genes­1 map unit = 1% recombination frequency ­aka centimorgans­do not correspond to actual distances

Page 15: Ch. 15 The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance...Human disorders due to chromosomal alterations Down syndrome aneuploid condition 1 in 700 in U.S. extra chromosome 21 aka trisomy 21 characteristics:

15Nov 12 ­ 2:09 PM

cytogenic map = map that locates genes with respect to chromosomal features,like stained bands

Page 16: Ch. 15 The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance...Human disorders due to chromosomal alterations Down syndrome aneuploid condition 1 in 700 in U.S. extra chromosome 21 aka trisomy 21 characteristics:

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Sex­linked genesXX = female, only produces X gametesXY = male, produces 50% X and 50% Y gametes

sex of offspring = 50:50 chance

SRY gene on Y chromosome codes for testes development­if SRY absent = ovaries

sex linked if gene is located on sex chromosomes

Page 17: Ch. 15 The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance...Human disorders due to chromosomal alterations Down syndrome aneuploid condition 1 in 700 in U.S. extra chromosome 21 aka trisomy 21 characteristics:

17Nov 20­7:19 AM

Some chromosomal systems of sex determination

Page 18: Ch. 15 The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance...Human disorders due to chromosomal alterations Down syndrome aneuploid condition 1 in 700 in U.S. extra chromosome 21 aka trisomy 21 characteristics:

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­if sex­linked trait is recessive, female will have it only if she is homozygous­males who receive recessive trait from mother, will have the trait­examples

colorblindnessDuchenne Muscular Dystrophy

­weakening of muscles and coordination   loss­lack dystrophin protein

Hemophilia ­ blood clotting disorder

Page 19: Ch. 15 The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance...Human disorders due to chromosomal alterations Down syndrome aneuploid condition 1 in 700 in U.S. extra chromosome 21 aka trisomy 21 characteristics:

19Nov 20­7:20 AM

The transmission of sex linked recessive traits

Page 20: Ch. 15 The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance...Human disorders due to chromosomal alterations Down syndrome aneuploid condition 1 in 700 in U.S. extra chromosome 21 aka trisomy 21 characteristics:

20Nov 12 ­ 2:20 PM

X inactivation of female mammals

of two X chromosomes, one gets in inactivated = Barr body (condensed form)­ these genes are not expressed

­reactivated in cells that make eggs

Mary Lyon­females have a "mosaic" of two types of cells: those with active X from father and those with active X from mother

Page 21: Ch. 15 The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance...Human disorders due to chromosomal alterations Down syndrome aneuploid condition 1 in 700 in U.S. extra chromosome 21 aka trisomy 21 characteristics:

21Nov 12 ­ 2:35 PM

Ex. tortoiseshell cats

Ex. in humansalleles for sweat glands ­ so can have patches 

of skin with sweat glands and others without sweat glands

Page 22: Ch. 15 The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance...Human disorders due to chromosomal alterations Down syndrome aneuploid condition 1 in 700 in U.S. extra chromosome 21 aka trisomy 21 characteristics:

22Nov 20­7:25 AM

Calico cats have white areas that are determined by another gene

What is this called?

Page 23: Ch. 15 The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance...Human disorders due to chromosomal alterations Down syndrome aneuploid condition 1 in 700 in U.S. extra chromosome 21 aka trisomy 21 characteristics:

23Nov 12 ­ 2:38 PM

How can chromosome number be altered?

nondisjunction­when members of a pair of homologous chromosomes fail to move apart properly during meiosis I or sister chromatids fail to separate in meiosis II

­one gamete gets two copies­other gamete gets none* can also occur during mitosis

aneuploidy= abnormal number of  a particular chromosome

Page 24: Ch. 15 The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance...Human disorders due to chromosomal alterations Down syndrome aneuploid condition 1 in 700 in U.S. extra chromosome 21 aka trisomy 21 characteristics:

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nondisjunction

Page 25: Ch. 15 The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance...Human disorders due to chromosomal alterations Down syndrome aneuploid condition 1 in 700 in U.S. extra chromosome 21 aka trisomy 21 characteristics:

25Nov 12 ­ 2:42 PM

Trisomic = 2n +1 chromosomesMonosomic= 2n ­1 chromosomes

polyploidy = when have 2 or more complete chromosome sets  (common in plants)

triploidy = 3ntetraploidy = 4n

*more normal in appearance than aneuploids

Page 26: Ch. 15 The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance...Human disorders due to chromosomal alterations Down syndrome aneuploid condition 1 in 700 in U.S. extra chromosome 21 aka trisomy 21 characteristics:

26Nov 20­7:32 AM

http://education.uncc.edu/cmste/papers%20­%20OLD/Triploidy.doc

Triploidy in humans

Page 27: Ch. 15 The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance...Human disorders due to chromosomal alterations Down syndrome aneuploid condition 1 in 700 in U.S. extra chromosome 21 aka trisomy 21 characteristics:

27Nov 20­7:28 AM

Tetraploid mammal Tympanoctomys barrerae­sperm head unusually large­may have arisen when ancestor doubled chromosome # by errors in mitosis or meiosis within the reproductive organs

Page 28: Ch. 15 The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance...Human disorders due to chromosomal alterations Down syndrome aneuploid condition 1 in 700 in U.S. extra chromosome 21 aka trisomy 21 characteristics:

28Nov 12 ­ 2:47 PM

Alterations of Chromosome structure

deletion­ chromosomal fragment lacking a centromere is lost (missing genes)

­usually during meiosisduplication­when deleted fragment attaches as an extra segment of a sister chromatid

­usually during meiosisinversion­when fragment reattaches to a segment but in reverse order

­can affect phenotype expressiontranslocation­fragment joins a nonhomologous chromosome

­can affect phenotype expression

Page 29: Ch. 15 The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance...Human disorders due to chromosomal alterations Down syndrome aneuploid condition 1 in 700 in U.S. extra chromosome 21 aka trisomy 21 characteristics:

29Nov 20­7:35 AM

Page 30: Ch. 15 The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance...Human disorders due to chromosomal alterations Down syndrome aneuploid condition 1 in 700 in U.S. extra chromosome 21 aka trisomy 21 characteristics:

30Nov 12 ­ 2:52 PM

Human disorders due to chromosomal alterations

Down syndrome ­ aneuploid condition­1 in 700 in U.S.­extra chromosome 21­aka trisomy 21­characteristics: short stature, heart defects, 

respiratory infections, mental retardation, prone to leukemia and Alzheimer's, most sexually underdeveloped and sterile

­risk increases if mother over 30

Page 31: Ch. 15 The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance...Human disorders due to chromosomal alterations Down syndrome aneuploid condition 1 in 700 in U.S. extra chromosome 21 aka trisomy 21 characteristics:

31Nov 20­7:36 AM

Down syndrome

Page 32: Ch. 15 The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance...Human disorders due to chromosomal alterations Down syndrome aneuploid condition 1 in 700 in U.S. extra chromosome 21 aka trisomy 21 characteristics:

32Nov 12 ­ 2:57 PM

Aneuploidy of Sex chromosomesKlinefelter syndrome = XXY

­have male sex organs, but small­sterile­may have breast enlargement­normal intelligence

Males with XYY no different than normal, except taller

Trisomy X (XXX)­healthy, only tell by karyotype

Page 33: Ch. 15 The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance...Human disorders due to chromosomal alterations Down syndrome aneuploid condition 1 in 700 in U.S. extra chromosome 21 aka trisomy 21 characteristics:

33Nov 20­7:37 AM

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34Nov 12 ­ 3:00 PM

Turner Syndrome­ Monosomy X (XO)­phenotypically female­sterile­sex organs do not mature­if treated with estrogen, can develop  secondary sex characteristics­normal intelligence

Page 35: Ch. 15 The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance...Human disorders due to chromosomal alterations Down syndrome aneuploid condition 1 in 700 in U.S. extra chromosome 21 aka trisomy 21 characteristics:

35Nov 12 ­ 3:02 PM

Disorders of Structurally altered chromosomes

DeletionsCri du Chat (Cry of the cat)­ deletion of 

chromosome 5­mentally retarded­small head, round face, sm. receding chin­widely spaced eyes, low set ears­cry that sounds like mewing cat­die in infancy 

Page 36: Ch. 15 The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance...Human disorders due to chromosomal alterations Down syndrome aneuploid condition 1 in 700 in U.S. extra chromosome 21 aka trisomy 21 characteristics:

36Nov 12 ­ 3:04 PM

Translocationschronic myelogenous leukemia ­ cancer of 

the blood cells ­reciprocal translocation­chromosome 22 is replaced by tip of  chromosome 9 = shortened chromosome 22  and extra long chromosome 9 =Philadelphia chromosome

Page 37: Ch. 15 The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance...Human disorders due to chromosomal alterations Down syndrome aneuploid condition 1 in 700 in U.S. extra chromosome 21 aka trisomy 21 characteristics:

37Nov 12 ­ 3:07 PM

Some traits depend on the parent that you receive them from = genomic imprinting

­mostly autosome genes­occurs during formation of gametes­one allele is silenced­zygote expresses only one allele, transmitted  during mitosis

ex. gene imprinted for maternal allele will always be imprinted for maternal expression

Page 38: Ch. 15 The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance...Human disorders due to chromosomal alterations Down syndrome aneuploid condition 1 in 700 in U.S. extra chromosome 21 aka trisomy 21 characteristics:

38Nov 20­7:42 AM

genomic imprinting

Page 39: Ch. 15 The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance...Human disorders due to chromosomal alterations Down syndrome aneuploid condition 1 in 700 in U.S. extra chromosome 21 aka trisomy 21 characteristics:

39Nov 12 ­ 3:14 PM

ex. insulin growth factor(Igf2)­paternal allele is expressed

Page 40: Ch. 15 The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance...Human disorders due to chromosomal alterations Down syndrome aneuploid condition 1 in 700 in U.S. extra chromosome 21 aka trisomy 21 characteristics:

40Nov 12 ­ 3:14 PM

cause of a genome imprint­ believed to be methylation of cytosine nucleotides of DNA ­ silences the allele­can also work opposite, methylation can activate a gene such as in Igf2

* genomic imprinting seems to be important for development

Page 41: Ch. 15 The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance...Human disorders due to chromosomal alterations Down syndrome aneuploid condition 1 in 700 in U.S. extra chromosome 21 aka trisomy 21 characteristics:

41Nov 12 ­ 3:16 PM

Inheritance of organelle genes

extranuclear genes ­ genes found in organelles in cytoplasmfound in mitochondria and chloroplasts­have circular DNA­reproduce by themselves­genes go to daughter organelles­do not display Mendelian inheritance

mitochondrial genes come from mother­ can cause mitochondrial myopathy ­ weakness, muscle 

deterioration­also related to some heart disease or diabetes

Page 42: Ch. 15 The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance...Human disorders due to chromosomal alterations Down syndrome aneuploid condition 1 in 700 in U.S. extra chromosome 21 aka trisomy 21 characteristics:

42Nov 24­7:04 AM

So, how are the chromosomes the basis of inheritance?