CH 16 AND 17 REVIEW

A naturally occurring, usually inorganic solid that has a characteristic chemical composition, an orderly internal structure, and a characteristic set of physical properties.

mineral

Atoms of two or more elements chemically bonded together.

compounds

Minerals that are valuable and economical to extract.

Ore minerals

Minerals that have no commercial value.

Gangue minerals

They conduct electricity, have shiny surfaces, and are opaque.

metals

How do metallic minerals form?

Below ground when magma cools and hardens.

Why do metallic minerals sink to the lower part of the magma body?

They are more dense than the other materials.

How, subsurface waters that contain dissolved minerals.

Hydrothermal solutions

Ore deposits of minerals that crystallize out of solutions and fill fractures.

veins

How do evaporites form?

Water from inland seas or lakes evaporate and leave behind salt deposits.

Halite is the scientific name for _________.

Rock salt

Two or more metals may combine to form an __________.

alloy

Gypsum is used to make ___________.

sheetrock

Nonmetallic minerals prized for their beauty, rarity, and durability.

gemstones

How can planes be used to explore for minerals?

Instruments identify patterns in gravity, magnetism, or radioactivity.

What mining method is used to mine ore deposits located 50 m or more beneath Earth’s surface?

Subsurface mining methods

A method of mining where rooms are cut into seams.

Room and pillar

A mining technique where a shearer moves back and forth across a seam.

longwall

A method of mining underground deposits of potash, salt, and sulfur where hot water is injected into the ore and dissolves it.

Solution Mining

A method that is often used to mine large quantities of near surface ore.

Open Pit Mining

Rock that covers near-surface coal seams.

Overburden

The main products of quarrying such as sand, gravel, and crushed rock.

aggregate

What climate promotes salt production by solar evaporation?

Areas that receive little rainfall and have high evaporation rates.

What percentage of the world’s salt comes from the solar evaporation process?

About 30 percent

A deposit that contains a valuable mineral that has been concentrated by mechanical action.

Placer deposits

How are placer deposits often mined?

By dredging

A process in which crushed ore is melted at high temperatures in furnaces to separate impurities from molten metal.

smelting

In a furnace, this is the material that bonds with impurities to separate them from the molten metal.

flux

The less dense layer of material on the top of molten metal made up of flux and impurities.

slag

Why has undersea mining so far been unsuccessful?

Competition with land based companies. The pressure at the greater water depth.

Why has mining become one of the most heavily regulated industries in the United States?

Because of the environmental impacts

How can surface mining cause air and noise pollution?

Loading, hauling, and unloading creates dust. Dust is also created when ore is blasted apart.

Noise is created by the equipment and blasting.

Water from rain or nearby streams can dissolve toxic substances and may contaminate streams.

What is AMD?

Acid Mine Drainage

Why does surface mining cause animals to leave an area?

Removing the soil strips away all plant life.

When the soil is returned to the site, different plants and animals may establish themselves.

Why must miners replace soil layers back the way they were?

The topsoil, the layer with the richest nutrients, must be on top to ensure a quicker recovery.

The sinking of regions of the ground with little or no horizontal movement.

subsidence

The process of returning land to its original or better condition after mining is completed.

reclamation

The remains of ancient organisms that changed into coal, oil, or natural gas.

Fossil fuels

What are the 3 main problems with fossil fuels?

1) The supply is limited. 2) Obtaining them causes

environmental problems. 3) Using them pollutes the

environment.

What are the five main uses for fuel?

Cooking, transportation, manufacturing, heating and cooling, generating electricity to run machines and appliances.

A machine that converts mechanical energy, or motion, into electrical energy.

Electric generator

How do generators produce electricity?

They move an electrically conductive material through a magnetic field.

A wheel that changes the force of a moving gas or liquid into energy that can do work.

turbine

What is an example of a high grade coal?

Anthracite or bituminous

What is the difference between a high grade coal and a low grade coal?

High grade coal contains fewer pollutants.

Oil that is pumped from the ground is also known as ________, or ________.

Crude oil, petroleum

Where are most of the world’s oil reserves located?

In the Middle East

What is the purpose of drilling exploration wells for oil?

To determine the volume and availability of the oil deposit.

What measures are being taken in tanker design to prevent oil spills?

The use of double hulls

A cagelike lattice of ice that contains trapped molecule of methane.

Methane hydrate

How do methane hydrates form?

The bacterial decomposition of organic matter.

Where have most deposits of methane hydrates been found?

Around the edges of most continents.

What situations are necessary for methane hydrates to form?

Temperature must be stable and low but pressures must be high.

Why is the US so interested in using methane hydrates?

If we recover only 1% of the methane hydrate around the US, we could more than double our supply of natural gas.

Methane is a very effective greenhouse gas. How might this factor into the extraction or use of methane hydrates in the future?

Miners must be very careful when extracting methane hydrate because it is a gas. It would be released in the atmosphere and add to the global warming issue.

________ percent of the energy used in developed countries use fossil fuels.

90

Oil deposits that can be extracted profitably at current prices using current technology.

Oil reserves

What guides the predictions of future oil production?

The cost of obtaining the fuel. Extraction

When was the last oil deposit discovered?

Ten years ago

What accounts for the dramatic increase in the worldwide production of oil after 1950?

Population increase Increased industry