Ch. 16 – Expanding WestTexas Gaining Independence & Becoming a State

Ch. 16 – Expanding WestTexas Gaining Independence & Becoming a State

16.2 – 16.3 US History16.2 – 16.3 US History

Recap: 16.1 Cornell Notes

Life in Northern New SpainLife in Northern New Spain– CaliforniaCalifornia

• CaliforniosCalifornios• MissionsMissions

– TejanosTejanos

The Mexican War for IndependenceThe Mexican War for Independence An Independent MexicoAn Independent Mexico

16.2 Key Questions

Why did Mexico allow the first American settlers into Texas, and what conditions did the Mexican government establish?

Why did many Texans choose to rebel against Mexico?

What events led Texas to win its independence from Mexico?

American Settlers Welcome

1821 – Mexican government welcomed American settlers to Texas– Mexican citizens, obey Mexican laws, & support the

Roman Catholic Church

Most settlers came from southern states– “GTT” – Gone to Texas signs

Empresarios – agents contracted by Mexico to bring settlers to Texas– Empresarios received land in exchange

Why would Texas welcomesettlers to Texas?

Can you see any problemsWith this idea?

Stephen F. Austin

– Empresario - Led settlers to Texas– The first 300 families he brought became

known as the “Old Three Hundred.”– Families could receive 640 acres, with an

extra 320 acres for each child.– Many families brought slaves with them– He tried to keep peace between Mexico

& American settlers

Conflict in Texas:American Point of View

US settlers ignored Mexican lawUS settlers ignored Mexican law Not interested in becoming Mexican citizensNot interested in becoming Mexican citizens Texans – Americans & tejanos – thought Texas Texans – Americans & tejanos – thought Texas

was underrepresented in Mexican governmentwas underrepresented in Mexican government Wanted the Mexican Constitution of 1824 to be Wanted the Mexican Constitution of 1824 to be

strictly enforced (limiting the central gov.)strictly enforced (limiting the central gov.) Too much power given to appointed officials Too much power given to appointed officials

rather than elected representativesrather than elected representatives

Conflict in Texas:Mexico’s Point of View

Mexican officials said Texas didn’t show Mexican officials said Texas didn’t show respect for authorityrespect for authority

Americans outnumbered tejanosAmericans outnumbered tejanos Americans weren’t following lawsAmericans weren’t following laws

– Slavery was outlawed but people brought slavesSlavery was outlawed but people brought slaves Mexican government restricted American Mexican government restricted American

immigration and enforce ban on slavery, raising immigration and enforce ban on slavery, raising tariffs on US goods, sent soldiers to enforce tariffs on US goods, sent soldiers to enforce Mexican authorityMexican authority

Which side has a better argument?

Negotiations??

Stephen F. Austin Stephen F. Austin tried to maintain tried to maintain peace between peace between Texas & MexicoTexas & Mexico

Austin was thrown in Austin was thrown in jail when petitioning jail when petitioning the Mexican the Mexican president for more president for more self-government in self-government in TexasTexas

Austin was released after Austin was released after a year and said:a year and said:

““War is our only War is our only recourse (option). recourse (option). There is no other There is no other remedy. We must remedy. We must defend our rights, defend our rights, ourselves, & our ourselves, & our country by force of country by force of arms.”arms.”

Texas War for Independenceor

Texas Revolution October 1835October 1835 – first battle – first battle Mexico: General Antonio Lopez de Mexico: General Antonio Lopez de

Santa AnnaSanta Anna Texans made a temporary government Texans made a temporary government

& pledged to overthrown Santa Anna& pledged to overthrown Santa Anna No official Texas army – only volunteersNo official Texas army – only volunteers

BATTLE OF THE ALAMO

November 1835 Texan army captured towns of Goliad & San

Antonio The Alamo (an old Franciscan mission) was

occupied by Texans Santa Anna became outraged and marched to

San Antonio

Battle of the Alamo

Santa Anna arrived at the Alamo with Santa Anna arrived at the Alamo with 3,000 soldiers on Feb. 23, 18363,000 soldiers on Feb. 23, 1836

Only 189 Texan troopsOnly 189 Texan troops Santa Anna surrounded it for 13 daysSanta Anna surrounded it for 13 days Mexican army attacked - March 6, 1836Mexican army attacked - March 6, 1836 Mexican army wonMexican army won ““Remember the Alamo”Remember the Alamo”

Why do you think TexansUsed the phrase,

“Remember the Alamo?”

The Battle of the Alamo

March 6,1836

Battle of Goliad

Mexican forces move to GoliadMexican forces move to Goliad Texans outnumbered & surrenderTexans outnumbered & surrender Texas Commander Fannin & almost Texas Commander Fannin & almost

400 soldiers were charged with treason 400 soldiers were charged with treason & executed by Santa Anna& executed by Santa Anna– Outraged TexansOutraged Texans

Convention of 1836

Texan leaders met to declare Texan leaders met to declare independence (prior to Alamo)independence (prior to Alamo)

Created a Texas ConstitutionCreated a Texas Constitution– Modeled on the United StatesModeled on the United States

– Legalized slaveryLegalized slavery

Battle of San Jacinto

Sam Houston, Sam Houston, commander in chief of commander in chief of new Texas army, fought new Texas army, fought Santa AnnaSanta Anna

Houston’s troops were Houston’s troops were outnumbered & untrainedoutnumbered & untrained

Santa Anna carelessly Santa Anna carelessly chose a bad site for his chose a bad site for his campcamp

April 21, 1836 – April 21, 1836 – Houston’s army attacked Houston’s army attacked & won the war& won the war

Texas Becomes a Republic

– Santa Anna was forced to recognize the independence of Texas in a treaty & was released to return to Mexico City

– Santa Anna was then thrown out of power by angry Mexican citizens

– Many Mexicans did not accept that Texas had become an independent country

16.3 The Lone Star Republic

16.3 Outline

Why did Texas not immediately become Why did Texas not immediately become part of the US?part of the US?

New immigrants and people already New immigrants and people already living thereliving there

Issues in TexasIssues in Texas

The Republic of Texas

Sam Houston elected presidentSam Houston elected president Capital – HoustonCapital – Houston The US, France, & Great Britain all The US, France, & Great Britain all

recognized Texas as independent, but recognized Texas as independent, but not Mexiconot Mexico

Annexation?

President Jackson – didn’t want to annex President Jackson – didn’t want to annex (take control of) Texas(take control of) Texas– Concerned about balance between slave & free Concerned about balance between slave & free

statesstates– Did not want war with MexicoDid not want war with Mexico– Recognized Texas as an independent nation in Recognized Texas as an independent nation in

18371837

President Buren made no changesPresident Buren made no changes President Polk makes changesPresident Polk makes changes

People

Native Americans – President Houston Native Americans – President Houston was friendly, but President Lamar was friendly, but President Lamar forced them outforced them out

Tejanos – unfair treatment by American Tejanos – unfair treatment by American settlers, even though supported warsettlers, even though supported war– Still maintained a presenceStill maintained a presence

New Immigrants

US SettlersUS Settlers– 100,000 new 100,000 new

residents 1836-1845residents 1836-1845– Panic of 1837Panic of 1837

EuropeanEuropean– 1840s1840s– GermanyGermany– Farming Farming

communitiescommunities

Slave IssueSlave Issue– 1847 – 40,000 1847 – 40,000

slavesslaves– Law passed banning Law passed banning

free African free African Americans in TexasAmericans in Texas

Problems in the Republic

Economic, military, & social issuesEconomic, military, & social issues– Economic: Small towns & slow travel; Economic: Small towns & slow travel;

based on agriculture (no manufacturing); based on agriculture (no manufacturing); high public debthigh public debt

– Military: large & hard to defend; Texas Military: large & hard to defend; Texas Rangers to guard frontierRangers to guard frontier

– Social: slavery, different peopleSocial: slavery, different people

Pres. Lamar in 1841 attacked New Pres. Lamar in 1841 attacked New Mexico so Santa Anna recaptured San Mexico so Santa Anna recaptured San AntonioAntonio

President Houston returned to President Houston returned to presidency & ended fighting with a presidency & ended fighting with a peace agreement in 1844peace agreement in 1844