ch 16 thermal energy and heat. 16.1 thermal energy and matter in the 1700’s scientists thought...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Ch 16 Thermal Energy and Heat. 16.1 Thermal Energy and Matter In the 1700’s scientists thought heat was a fluid called a caloric that flowed between objects](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649e795503460f94b79ae4/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Ch 16 Thermal Energy and Heat
![Page 2: Ch 16 Thermal Energy and Heat. 16.1 Thermal Energy and Matter In the 1700’s scientists thought heat was a fluid called a caloric that flowed between objects](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649e795503460f94b79ae4/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
16.1 Thermal Energy and Matter
• In the 1700’s scientists thought heat was a fluid called a caloric that flowed between objects.
• In 1798, the scientist Count Rumford concluded, from his observations, that heat could not be a kind of matter but instead was related to the motion of objects
![Page 3: Ch 16 Thermal Energy and Heat. 16.1 Thermal Energy and Matter In the 1700’s scientists thought heat was a fluid called a caloric that flowed between objects](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649e795503460f94b79ae4/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
![Page 4: Ch 16 Thermal Energy and Heat. 16.1 Thermal Energy and Matter In the 1700’s scientists thought heat was a fluid called a caloric that flowed between objects](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649e795503460f94b79ae4/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Work and Heat
• Recall… some of the work done by machines is lost due to friction, which causes moving parts to heat up
• Heat = the transfer of thermal energy from one object to another because of a temperature difference
![Page 5: Ch 16 Thermal Energy and Heat. 16.1 Thermal Energy and Matter In the 1700’s scientists thought heat was a fluid called a caloric that flowed between objects](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649e795503460f94b79ae4/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
• Heat flows spontaneously from hot objects to cold objects
![Page 6: Ch 16 Thermal Energy and Heat. 16.1 Thermal Energy and Matter In the 1700’s scientists thought heat was a fluid called a caloric that flowed between objects](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649e795503460f94b79ae4/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
![Page 7: Ch 16 Thermal Energy and Heat. 16.1 Thermal Energy and Matter In the 1700’s scientists thought heat was a fluid called a caloric that flowed between objects](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649e795503460f94b79ae4/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Temperature
• Temperature = a measure of how hot or cold an object is compared to a reference point. Such as the freezing and boiling pt of water.
![Page 8: Ch 16 Thermal Energy and Heat. 16.1 Thermal Energy and Matter In the 1700’s scientists thought heat was a fluid called a caloric that flowed between objects](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649e795503460f94b79ae4/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Temperature is related to the average kinetic energy of the particles in an object due their random motions
![Page 9: Ch 16 Thermal Energy and Heat. 16.1 Thermal Energy and Matter In the 1700’s scientists thought heat was a fluid called a caloric that flowed between objects](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649e795503460f94b79ae4/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
![Page 10: Ch 16 Thermal Energy and Heat. 16.1 Thermal Energy and Matter In the 1700’s scientists thought heat was a fluid called a caloric that flowed between objects](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649e795503460f94b79ae4/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Thermal Energy
• Recall…• Thermal Energy = the total potential
and kinetic energy of all the particles in an object
• Thermal energy depends on the mass, temp, and phase of an object
![Page 11: Ch 16 Thermal Energy and Heat. 16.1 Thermal Energy and Matter In the 1700’s scientists thought heat was a fluid called a caloric that flowed between objects](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649e795503460f94b79ae4/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
• Thermal energy, unlike temp, depends on mass
• Ex: a cup of tea vs a teapot full of tea at 98º– Both have the same temp but the
teapot has more particles = more thermal energy
![Page 12: Ch 16 Thermal Energy and Heat. 16.1 Thermal Energy and Matter In the 1700’s scientists thought heat was a fluid called a caloric that flowed between objects](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649e795503460f94b79ae4/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
![Page 13: Ch 16 Thermal Energy and Heat. 16.1 Thermal Energy and Matter In the 1700’s scientists thought heat was a fluid called a caloric that flowed between objects](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649e795503460f94b79ae4/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Thermal Expansion & Contraction
• Thermal expansion = occurs when particles of matter move farther apart as temp increases
• Gases expand more than liquids and liquids more than solids
![Page 14: Ch 16 Thermal Energy and Heat. 16.1 Thermal Energy and Matter In the 1700’s scientists thought heat was a fluid called a caloric that flowed between objects](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649e795503460f94b79ae4/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Ex: this is how thermometers work
![Page 15: Ch 16 Thermal Energy and Heat. 16.1 Thermal Energy and Matter In the 1700’s scientists thought heat was a fluid called a caloric that flowed between objects](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649e795503460f94b79ae4/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
![Page 16: Ch 16 Thermal Energy and Heat. 16.1 Thermal Energy and Matter In the 1700’s scientists thought heat was a fluid called a caloric that flowed between objects](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649e795503460f94b79ae4/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
![Page 17: Ch 16 Thermal Energy and Heat. 16.1 Thermal Energy and Matter In the 1700’s scientists thought heat was a fluid called a caloric that flowed between objects](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649e795503460f94b79ae4/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Specific Heat
• Specific Heat = the amount of heat needed to raise the temp of one gram of material by one degree Celsius
• Units = J/g•Cº
![Page 18: Ch 16 Thermal Energy and Heat. 16.1 Thermal Energy and Matter In the 1700’s scientists thought heat was a fluid called a caloric that flowed between objects](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649e795503460f94b79ae4/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
• The lower a material’s specific heat, the more its temp rises when a given amount of energy is absorbed by a given mass
• Ex: water = 4.18, air = 1.01• Ex: water and alcohol
![Page 19: Ch 16 Thermal Energy and Heat. 16.1 Thermal Energy and Matter In the 1700’s scientists thought heat was a fluid called a caloric that flowed between objects](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649e795503460f94b79ae4/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
16.2 Heat and Thermodynamics
• When you take cookies out of a hot oven, why aren’t you burned by the hot air but would be burned by touching the metal rack?
![Page 20: Ch 16 Thermal Energy and Heat. 16.1 Thermal Energy and Matter In the 1700’s scientists thought heat was a fluid called a caloric that flowed between objects](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649e795503460f94b79ae4/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
• Air is not a good conductor of heat while metal is
![Page 21: Ch 16 Thermal Energy and Heat. 16.1 Thermal Energy and Matter In the 1700’s scientists thought heat was a fluid called a caloric that flowed between objects](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649e795503460f94b79ae4/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Conduction
• Conduction = the transfer of thermal energy with no overall transfer of matter
• Conduction occurs within a material or between materials that are touching
• Collisions between particles transfer thermal energy
![Page 22: Ch 16 Thermal Energy and Heat. 16.1 Thermal Energy and Matter In the 1700’s scientists thought heat was a fluid called a caloric that flowed between objects](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649e795503460f94b79ae4/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
![Page 23: Ch 16 Thermal Energy and Heat. 16.1 Thermal Energy and Matter In the 1700’s scientists thought heat was a fluid called a caloric that flowed between objects](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649e795503460f94b79ae4/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
• Conduction in gases is slower than in liquids and solids because the particles are farther apart
• In solids, conduction occurs as particles vibrate in place and in metals conduction is faster because of the free electrons that collide and transfer heat
![Page 24: Ch 16 Thermal Energy and Heat. 16.1 Thermal Energy and Matter In the 1700’s scientists thought heat was a fluid called a caloric that flowed between objects](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649e795503460f94b79ae4/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
• Thermal conductor = a material that conducts heat well
• Ex: metals
![Page 25: Ch 16 Thermal Energy and Heat. 16.1 Thermal Energy and Matter In the 1700’s scientists thought heat was a fluid called a caloric that flowed between objects](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649e795503460f94b79ae4/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
• Thermal insulators = a material that conducts heat poorly
• Ex: air, plastics, foam, wool, wood
![Page 26: Ch 16 Thermal Energy and Heat. 16.1 Thermal Energy and Matter In the 1700’s scientists thought heat was a fluid called a caloric that flowed between objects](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649e795503460f94b79ae4/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
![Page 27: Ch 16 Thermal Energy and Heat. 16.1 Thermal Energy and Matter In the 1700’s scientists thought heat was a fluid called a caloric that flowed between objects](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649e795503460f94b79ae4/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Convection
• Convection = the transfer of thermal energy when particles of a fluid move from place to place
• Ex: air circulating in an oven creates convection currents
![Page 28: Ch 16 Thermal Energy and Heat. 16.1 Thermal Energy and Matter In the 1700’s scientists thought heat was a fluid called a caloric that flowed between objects](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649e795503460f94b79ae4/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
• Convection currents are important in many natural cycles: ocean currents, weather systems, movement of hot rock in Earth’s interior
![Page 29: Ch 16 Thermal Energy and Heat. 16.1 Thermal Energy and Matter In the 1700’s scientists thought heat was a fluid called a caloric that flowed between objects](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649e795503460f94b79ae4/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
![Page 30: Ch 16 Thermal Energy and Heat. 16.1 Thermal Energy and Matter In the 1700’s scientists thought heat was a fluid called a caloric that flowed between objects](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649e795503460f94b79ae4/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Radiation
• Radiation = the transfer of thermal energy by waves moving through space
• All objects radiate heat energy.
![Page 31: Ch 16 Thermal Energy and Heat. 16.1 Thermal Energy and Matter In the 1700’s scientists thought heat was a fluid called a caloric that flowed between objects](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649e795503460f94b79ae4/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
![Page 32: Ch 16 Thermal Energy and Heat. 16.1 Thermal Energy and Matter In the 1700’s scientists thought heat was a fluid called a caloric that flowed between objects](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649e795503460f94b79ae4/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
![Page 33: Ch 16 Thermal Energy and Heat. 16.1 Thermal Energy and Matter In the 1700’s scientists thought heat was a fluid called a caloric that flowed between objects](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649e795503460f94b79ae4/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
![Page 34: Ch 16 Thermal Energy and Heat. 16.1 Thermal Energy and Matter In the 1700’s scientists thought heat was a fluid called a caloric that flowed between objects](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649e795503460f94b79ae4/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Thermodynamics
• Thermodynamics = the study of conversions between heat and other forms of energy
![Page 35: Ch 16 Thermal Energy and Heat. 16.1 Thermal Energy and Matter In the 1700’s scientists thought heat was a fluid called a caloric that flowed between objects](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649e795503460f94b79ae4/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
• First Law of Thermodynamics = energy is conserved
![Page 36: Ch 16 Thermal Energy and Heat. 16.1 Thermal Energy and Matter In the 1700’s scientists thought heat was a fluid called a caloric that flowed between objects](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649e795503460f94b79ae4/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
![Page 37: Ch 16 Thermal Energy and Heat. 16.1 Thermal Energy and Matter In the 1700’s scientists thought heat was a fluid called a caloric that flowed between objects](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649e795503460f94b79ae4/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
• Second Law of Thermodynamics = thermal energy can flow from colder to hotter objects only if work is done on the system
• Ex: refrigerators must do work to transfer thermal energy from the cold food compartment to the warm room
![Page 38: Ch 16 Thermal Energy and Heat. 16.1 Thermal Energy and Matter In the 1700’s scientists thought heat was a fluid called a caloric that flowed between objects](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649e795503460f94b79ae4/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
![Page 39: Ch 16 Thermal Energy and Heat. 16.1 Thermal Energy and Matter In the 1700’s scientists thought heat was a fluid called a caloric that flowed between objects](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649e795503460f94b79ae4/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
• Third Law of Thermodynamics = absolute zero cannot be reached
![Page 40: Ch 16 Thermal Energy and Heat. 16.1 Thermal Energy and Matter In the 1700’s scientists thought heat was a fluid called a caloric that flowed between objects](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649e795503460f94b79ae4/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
• Scientists have gotten close…within 3 billionths of a kelvin above absolute zero
![Page 41: Ch 16 Thermal Energy and Heat. 16.1 Thermal Energy and Matter In the 1700’s scientists thought heat was a fluid called a caloric that flowed between objects](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649e795503460f94b79ae4/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
![Page 42: Ch 16 Thermal Energy and Heat. 16.1 Thermal Energy and Matter In the 1700’s scientists thought heat was a fluid called a caloric that flowed between objects](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649e795503460f94b79ae4/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)