ch. 16.the civil rights movement (1954-1968). in 1896, the supreme court ruled segregation was...

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Ch. 16. Ch. 16. The Civil The Civil Rights Movement (1954- Rights Movement (1954- 1968) 1968)

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Page 1: Ch. 16.The Civil Rights Movement (1954-1968).  In 1896, the Supreme Court ruled segregation was constitutional in Plessy vs. Ferguson, establishing the

Ch. 16.Ch. 16. The Civil Rights The Civil Rights Movement (1954-1968)Movement (1954-1968)

Page 2: Ch. 16.The Civil Rights Movement (1954-1968).  In 1896, the Supreme Court ruled segregation was constitutional in Plessy vs. Ferguson, establishing the

In 1896, the Supreme Court ruled segregation was constitutional in In 1896, the Supreme Court ruled segregation was constitutional in Plessy vs. FergusonPlessy vs. Ferguson, establishing the “separate-but-equal” , establishing the “separate-but-equal” doctrine.doctrine.

De facto segregation – states that had not passed “Jim Crow Laws” De facto segregation – states that had not passed “Jim Crow Laws” (laws (laws segregating buses, schools, and other public facilities), had segregating buses, schools, and other public facilities), had segregation segregation by customs and traditions.by customs and traditions.

African Americans had more political power since WWII & FDR’s New African Americans had more political power since WWII & FDR’s New Deal Deal programs; powerful in the north due to the ‘Great Migration.’programs; powerful in the north due to the ‘Great Migration.’

Dec 1, 1955, first Dec 1, 1955, first majormajor challenge to legal segregation by Rosa Parks. challenge to legal segregation by Rosa Parks.

II.. The Movement Begins.The Movement Begins.

‘‘Jim Crow’Jim Crow’signs of signs of

segregationsegregation

The U.S. SupremeThe U.S. SupremeCourt during Court during

Plessy v. FergusonPlessy v. Ferguson,,1896.1896.

Page 3: Ch. 16.The Civil Rights Movement (1954-1968).  In 1896, the Supreme Court ruled segregation was constitutional in Plessy vs. Ferguson, establishing the

A.A. NAACP – (Began in 1909) Supported NAACP – (Began in 1909) Supported court cases to overturn segregation.court cases to overturn segregation.

B.B. Sit-ins – Attempt to desegregate Sit-ins – Attempt to desegregate restaurants that refused service to African restaurants that refused service to African

Americans.Americans.

Members of CORE (Congress of racial Equality; James Farmer and George HouserMembers of CORE (Congress of racial Equality; James Farmer and George Houserin Chicago and several other northern cities, 1942-43); If denied service, in Chicago and several other northern cities, 1942-43); If denied service, would sit down and refuse to leave.would sit down and refuse to leave.

Four students in Greensboro, NC, staged the first southern sit-in at Woolworth’s Four students in Greensboro, NC, staged the first southern sit-in at Woolworth’s store (1959); the following day, 29 African American students arrived; soon store (1959); the following day, 29 African American students arrived; soon spread to 100 cities.spread to 100 cities.

College students now in civil rights struggle (Jesse Jackson); frustrated with the College students now in civil rights struggle (Jesse Jackson); frustrated with the slow pace of Desegregation; students mostly remained non-violent despiteslow pace of Desegregation; students mostly remained non-violent despiteattacks and heckles. attacks and heckles.

Sit-in at cafe in Sit-in at cafe in Greensboro, NC,Greensboro, NC,

1960.1960.

Page 4: Ch. 16.The Civil Rights Movement (1954-1968).  In 1896, the Supreme Court ruled segregation was constitutional in Plessy vs. Ferguson, establishing the

Sit-in - Mississippi (1963) Sit-in - Mississippi (1963)

Page 5: Ch. 16.The Civil Rights Movement (1954-1968).  In 1896, the Supreme Court ruled segregation was constitutional in Plessy vs. Ferguson, establishing the

C.C. Thurgood Marshall – NAACP chief Thurgood Marshall – NAACP chief counsel counsel 1.1. Brown vs. Board of EducationBrown vs. Board of Education

(1954) – Overturned separate (1954) – Overturned separate schools based on race.schools based on race.

2.2. Supreme Court justice. Supreme Court justice.

Marshall was the first African American on the Supreme Court, appointed by Marshall was the first African American on the Supreme Court, appointed by President Johnson in 1967.President Johnson in 1967.

Linda BrownLinda Brown won the case against Topeka, KS school board. won the case against Topeka, KS school board. Unanimous ruling: “In the field of public education, the doctrine of separate but Unanimous ruling: “In the field of public education, the doctrine of separate but

equal has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal.”equal has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal.” Created backlash from southern whites – Southern Congressmembers signed Created backlash from southern whites – Southern Congressmembers signed

““Southern Manifesto” opposed to Southern Manifesto” opposed to BrownBrown ruling, encouraging southerners to ruling, encouraging southerners to defy the court ruling.defy the court ruling.

NAACP attorneys James Nabritt, Jr.,NAACP attorneys James Nabritt, Jr.,Thurgood Marshall and George HayesThurgood Marshall and George Hayes

celebrate the Brown decision celebrate the Brown decision (May 17, 1954). (May 17, 1954). 

Page 6: Ch. 16.The Civil Rights Movement (1954-1968).  In 1896, the Supreme Court ruled segregation was constitutional in Plessy vs. Ferguson, establishing the

Segregation of HispanicsSegregation of Hispanicsin the 1950’sin the 1950’s

‘ ‘Sun-Down laws’ – no Sun-Down laws’ – no minority in town after minority in town after sunset sunset → violence.→ violence. Institutional Institutional discrimination – schools, discrimination – schools, bathrooms, etc.bathrooms, etc. Restrictive Covenants Restrictive Covenants (South) – Home (South) – Home regulations for minorities.regulations for minorities. 300K served in WWII, 300K served in WWII, but Longoria not allowed but Longoria not allowed to be buried in white to be buried in white cemetery (Texas). cemetery (Texas).

Law after Mexican-American War = considered white, but treated differently: lynched, shot, & segregated due to racial codes but not laws.

Page 7: Ch. 16.The Civil Rights Movement (1954-1968).  In 1896, the Supreme Court ruled segregation was constitutional in Plessy vs. Ferguson, establishing the

Hernandez vs. TexasHernandez vs. Texas (1954) (1954)

The League of United The League of United Latin American Citizens Latin American Citizens (LULAC) in Corpus (LULAC) in Corpus Christi, Texas. Christi, Texas. Hernandez shot a man – Hernandez shot a man – all-white jury (violate 14all-white jury (violate 14thth Amend).Amend). White, but “a class apart”White, but “a class apart” 11stst time a Mex-Am tried a time a Mex-Am tried a case before the U.S. case before the U.S. Supreme Court.Supreme Court. Hispanics protected by Hispanics protected by 1414thth Amendment. Amendment.

14th Amendment originally protected rights of freed slaves,but extended to prevent States

from depriving rights of life,liberty, or property without

“due process of law,” all citizenshave equal protection of the law.

► Hernandez was later re-convicted of murder by a jury of his peers.

Page 8: Ch. 16.The Civil Rights Movement (1954-1968).  In 1896, the Supreme Court ruled segregation was constitutional in Plessy vs. Ferguson, establishing the

D.D. Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955) – Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955) – Started Started due to Rosa Parks arrest.due to Rosa Parks arrest.

1.1. Martin Luther King, Jr. – Led the Martin Luther King, Jr. – Led the Montgomery Improvement Montgomery Improvement Association to run the boycott.Association to run the boycott.

26 year old ML King organized the successful bus boycott for over a year, 26 year old ML King organized the successful bus boycott for over a year, carpools, and negotiations with city officials to end segregation peacefully.carpools, and negotiations with city officials to end segregation peacefully.

Nonviolent passive resistance; Disobey an unjust law; “We must use the weapon Nonviolent passive resistance; Disobey an unjust law; “We must use the weapon of love.”of love.”

1956, Supreme Court affirmed that segregation on buses was unconstitutional.1956, Supreme Court affirmed that segregation on buses was unconstitutional.

RosaRosaParks,Parks,1955.1955.

Page 9: Ch. 16.The Civil Rights Movement (1954-1968).  In 1896, the Supreme Court ruled segregation was constitutional in Plessy vs. Ferguson, establishing the

E.E. Eisenhower & Civil Rights.Eisenhower & Civil Rights.

1.1. Little Rock, AK (1957) – Court order Little Rock, AK (1957) – Court order for Central High School to admit for Central High School to admit nine African American students.nine African American students.

Ike sent the US Army to enforce the authority of the federal gov’t.Ike sent the US Army to enforce the authority of the federal gov’t. First president since Reconstruction to send troops to the South and protect the First president since Reconstruction to send troops to the South and protect the

constitutional rights of African Americans.constitutional rights of African Americans. Ike disagreed with segregation but also didn’t support the Ike disagreed with segregation but also didn’t support the BrownBrown ruling, wanted ruling, wanted

instead to allow segregation to end over time as values changed.instead to allow segregation to end over time as values changed. Little Rock school of 2,000 whites, racially moderate southern city.Little Rock school of 2,000 whites, racially moderate southern city.

Little Rock,Little Rock,Arkansas,Arkansas,

1957.1957.

Page 10: Ch. 16.The Civil Rights Movement (1954-1968).  In 1896, the Supreme Court ruled segregation was constitutional in Plessy vs. Ferguson, establishing the

Arkansas Governor, Orval Faubus, was a moderate, but faced re-Arkansas Governor, Orval Faubus, was a moderate, but faced re-election, and began campaigning as defender of white superiority;election, and began campaigning as defender of white superiority;

He ordered the AK National Guard to prevent the 9 students from He ordered the AK National Guard to prevent the 9 students from entering the school (challenge to Constitution!).entering the school (challenge to Constitution!).

Next day, National Guard troops surrounded school; Angry white mob; Next day, National Guard troops surrounded school; Angry white mob; Heavy press coverage.Heavy press coverage.

Ike ordered the Army’s 101st Airborne to AR; The 9 got into the school; Ike ordered the Army’s 101st Airborne to AR; The 9 got into the school; Army stayed the rest of the school year.Army stayed the rest of the school year.

Page 11: Ch. 16.The Civil Rights Movement (1954-1968).  In 1896, the Supreme Court ruled segregation was constitutional in Plessy vs. Ferguson, establishing the

2.2. Civil Rights Act of 1957 – Protected Civil Rights Act of 1957 – Protected voting rights of African Americans.voting rights of African Americans.

Opposed by Senator Strom Thurman (R – SC), and other conservatives.

African AmericansAfrican Americansregistering to voteregistering to vote

in 1957.in 1957.

Page 12: Ch. 16.The Civil Rights Movement (1954-1968).  In 1896, the Supreme Court ruled segregation was constitutional in Plessy vs. Ferguson, establishing the

F.F. Challenging Segregation.Challenging Segregation.

1.1. Student Nonviolent Coordinating Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) – Committee (SNCC) –

Organized Organized southern efforts for southern efforts for desegregation & desegregation & voter registration. voter registration.

a) Ella Baker – Started a) Ella Baker – Started SNCC,1960.SNCC,1960.

Mrs. Ella Josephine Baker (1903-1986) speaks in Mississippi during the

aftermath of the murder ofthree civil rights workers

during the summer of 1964.She was a leading force in the

Freedom Democratic Party.

Page 13: Ch. 16.The Civil Rights Movement (1954-1968).  In 1896, the Supreme Court ruled segregation was constitutional in Plessy vs. Ferguson, establishing the

2.2. Freedom Riders - 1961, To draw Freedom Riders - 1961, To draw attention to the South’s refusal to attention to the South’s refusal to integrate bus terminals.integrate bus terminals.

CORE leader James Farmer asked teams of African Americans and whites to CORE leader James Farmer asked teams of African Americans and whites to travel to the South.travel to the South.

When buses arrived at Anniston, Birmingham, and Montgomery, AL, attacked When buses arrived at Anniston, Birmingham, and Montgomery, AL, attacked by white mobs; Slashed tires, rocks threw the windows, firebomb in Anniston.by white mobs; Slashed tires, rocks threw the windows, firebomb in Anniston.

In In BirminghamBirmingham, the riders faced a gang of white men with baseball bats, chains, , the riders faced a gang of white men with baseball bats, chains, and lead pipes and were beaten viciously, later learned to be organized by and lead pipes and were beaten viciously, later learned to be organized by the cities police chief, the cities police chief, Bull ConnorBull Connor. .

The violence made national news and shocked Americans.The violence made national news and shocked Americans. Occurred less than 4 months into JFK’s term.Occurred less than 4 months into JFK’s term.

Freedom Ride (1961) Freedom Ride (1961)

Page 14: Ch. 16.The Civil Rights Movement (1954-1968).  In 1896, the Supreme Court ruled segregation was constitutional in Plessy vs. Ferguson, establishing the

G.G. JFK and Civil Rights.JFK and Civil Rights.

JFK appointed about 40 African Americans to high-level positions in the federal JFK appointed about 40 African Americans to high-level positions in the federal gov’t, including Thurgood Marshall as judge on 2nd Circuit Court in NY.gov’t, including Thurgood Marshall as judge on 2nd Circuit Court in NY.

JFK was cautious about introducing civil rights legislation.JFK was cautious about introducing civil rights legislation. James MeredithJames Meredith blocked from registering at Univ. of Miss by the Governor, blocked from registering at Univ. of Miss by the Governor,

Ross Barnett, even though Meredith had a court order (1962).Ross Barnett, even though Meredith had a court order (1962). JFK orders federal marshals to MS but were attacked by white mob, JFK then JFK orders federal marshals to MS but were attacked by white mob, JFK then

sends several thousands of army troops; under federal protection the restsends several thousands of army troops; under federal protection the restof school year. of school year.

JFK meets with Civil

Rights Leaders (1963)

Page 15: Ch. 16.The Civil Rights Movement (1954-1968).  In 1896, the Supreme Court ruled segregation was constitutional in Plessy vs. Ferguson, establishing the

1.1. Demonstrations in Birmingham led by Demonstrations in Birmingham led by Martin Luther King, Jr. (1963).Martin Luther King, Jr. (1963).

Bull Connor (attacks on Freedom Riders) was running for mayor of Birmingham; Bull Connor (attacks on Freedom Riders) was running for mayor of Birmingham; Situation was volatile.Situation was volatile.

MLK was disappointed JFK was focused on foreign affairs (Cuban Missile Crisis).MLK was disappointed JFK was focused on foreign affairs (Cuban Missile Crisis). Letter is one of the most eloquent defenses of nonviolent protests ever written Letter is one of the most eloquent defenses of nonviolent protests ever written

(scraps of paper smuggled into jail).(scraps of paper smuggled into jail). After MLK released from jail, protests began to grow again; Bull Connor responds After MLK released from jail, protests began to grow again; Bull Connor responds

to protests with force; Ordered police to use clubs, police dogs, andto protests with force; Ordered police to use clubs, police dogs, andhigh-pressure fire hoses on demonstrators, including women and children.high-pressure fire hoses on demonstrators, including women and children.

Millions of Americans saw the violence on tv; JFK prepares a new civil rights bill.Millions of Americans saw the violence on tv; JFK prepares a new civil rights bill.

MLK was MLK was arrested and arrested and

wrote wrote ““Letter From aLetter From aBirmingham Birmingham

Jail.”Jail.”MLK

Page 16: Ch. 16.The Civil Rights Movement (1954-1968).  In 1896, the Supreme Court ruled segregation was constitutional in Plessy vs. Ferguson, establishing the

March on Washington – Aug 23, 1963, over 200,000 March on Washington – Aug 23, 1963, over 200,000 demonstrators of all races marched demonstrators of all races marched

to pressure Congress in passing the Civil Rights bill.to pressure Congress in passing the Civil Rights bill.

““I have a dream that one day this nation willI have a dream that one day this nation willrise up and live out the true meaning of itsrise up and live out the true meaning of itscreed…that all men are created equal…Icreed…that all men are created equal…Ihave a dream that one day…the sons ofhave a dream that one day…the sons of

former slaves and the sons of former slaveformer slaves and the sons of former slaveowners will be able to sit together at theowners will be able to sit together at the

table of brotherhood…”table of brotherhood…”--- Martin Luther King, Jr.--- Martin Luther King, Jr.

JFK assassinated on Nov 22, 1963.JFK assassinated on Nov 22, 1963. Johnson fully committed to pass the Civil Rights bill.Johnson fully committed to pass the Civil Rights bill.

Page 17: Ch. 16.The Civil Rights Movement (1954-1968).  In 1896, the Supreme Court ruled segregation was constitutional in Plessy vs. Ferguson, establishing the

Civil Rights Act of 1964 - Broad power to federal gov’t to prevent racial Civil Rights Act of 1964 - Broad power to federal gov’t to prevent racial discrimination, made segregation illegal, and gave all citizens access to public discrimination, made segregation illegal, and gave all citizens access to public facilities, forced school desegregation, and required private employers to end facilities, forced school desegregation, and required private employers to end discrimination in the workplace). (actually got passed by LBJ as president).discrimination in the workplace). (actually got passed by LBJ as president).

AL governor, George Wallace: “Segregation now! Segregation tomorrow! AL governor, George Wallace: “Segregation now! Segregation tomorrow! Segregation forever!”Segregation forever!”

Wallace personally stood in front of the Univ of AL’s admission office to block the Wallace personally stood in front of the Univ of AL’s admission office to block the registering of two African Americans until federal marshals stopped him.registering of two African Americans until federal marshals stopped him.

JFK used violent events in the South as a platform to announce his civil rights bill.JFK used violent events in the South as a platform to announce his civil rights bill.

2.2. Civil Rights Act of 1964 – Most Civil Rights Act of 1964 – Most comprehensive civil rights bill comprehensive civil rights bill Congress ever passed; segregation Congress ever passed; segregation now illegal.now illegal.

““One hundred years of delay have passed since One hundred years of delay have passed since President Lincoln freed the slaves, yet their heirs,President Lincoln freed the slaves, yet their heirs,their grandsons, are not fully free…And this nation, their grandsons, are not fully free…And this nation, for all its hopes and all its boasts, will not be fully for all its hopes and all its boasts, will not be fully free until all its citizens are free…Now the time has free until all its citizens are free…Now the time has come for this nation to fulfill its promise.” come for this nation to fulfill its promise.” --- JFK, from the White House, June 11, 1963. --- JFK, from the White House, June 11, 1963.

Page 18: Ch. 16.The Civil Rights Movement (1954-1968).  In 1896, the Supreme Court ruled segregation was constitutional in Plessy vs. Ferguson, establishing the

H.H. Voting Rights.Voting Rights.

1.1. 24th Amendment (1964) – 24th Amendment (1964) – Eliminated Eliminated federal poll-tax (fees federal poll-tax (fees to vote; still pay to vote; still pay for state elections).for state elections).

Civil Rights Act of 1964 did not address voting issues.Civil Rights Act of 1964 did not address voting issues. Violent attacks continued, but the SCLS and SNCC stepped up their registration Violent attacks continued, but the SCLS and SNCC stepped up their registration

efforts in South.efforts in South. Across the South, bombs exploded in African American businesses and churches.Across the South, bombs exploded in African American businesses and churches. Between June and Oct of 1964, 24 African American churches were destroyed.Between June and Oct of 1964, 24 African American churches were destroyed. MLK decided to stage another dramatic protest.MLK decided to stage another dramatic protest.

The 24th Amendment endedThe 24th Amendment endedthe Poll Tax on January 23, 1964.the Poll Tax on January 23, 1964.

Repealing the Poll Tax allowed Repealing the Poll Tax allowed poor people to vote in elections.poor people to vote in elections.

Page 19: Ch. 16.The Civil Rights Movement (1954-1968).  In 1896, the Supreme Court ruled segregation was constitutional in Plessy vs. Ferguson, establishing the

2.2. The Selma March (1965) – MLK The Selma March (1965) – MLK organized march from Selma to organized march from Selma to Montgomery, AL.Montgomery, AL.

Although Selma, AL, had a majority of African American residents, they made up Although Selma, AL, had a majority of African American residents, they made up only 3% of registered voters.only 3% of registered voters.

To prevent them from registering to vote, Sheriff Jim Clark had deputized and To prevent them from registering to vote, Sheriff Jim Clark had deputized and armed dozens of white citizens (pose) to terrorize and attack African armed dozens of white citizens (pose) to terrorize and attack African Americans with clubs and electric cattle prods.Americans with clubs and electric cattle prods.

Weeks after MLK received the Nobel Peace Prize in Oslo, Norway, he declared: Weeks after MLK received the Nobel Peace Prize in Oslo, Norway, he declared: ““We are not asking, we are demanding the ballot.”We are not asking, we are demanding the ballot.”

MLK’s demonstrations started with 500 marchers.MLK’s demonstrations started with 500 marchers.

Page 20: Ch. 16.The Civil Rights Movement (1954-1968).  In 1896, the Supreme Court ruled segregation was constitutional in Plessy vs. Ferguson, establishing the

As the marchers reached the Edmund Pettus bridge, Clark ordered As the marchers reached the Edmund Pettus bridge, Clark ordered them to disperse, when they didn’t, 200 of Clark’s state troopers them to disperse, when they didn’t, 200 of Clark’s state troopers and and deputized men attacked and beat many of the demonstrators deputized men attacked and beat many of the demonstrators as they as they kneeled to play; Many beaten in full view of tv cameras; kneeled to play; Many beaten in full view of tv cameras; 2,000 African 2,000 African Americans arrested (including schoolchildren).Americans arrested (including schoolchildren).

Brutal attack came to be known as “Bloody Sunday”; 70 were Brutal attack came to be known as “Bloody Sunday”; 70 were hospitalized and many others injured.hospitalized and many others injured.

Selma,Alabama,

1956.

Page 21: Ch. 16.The Civil Rights Movement (1954-1968).  In 1896, the Supreme Court ruled segregation was constitutional in Plessy vs. Ferguson, establishing the

Nation was shocked at the footage; LBJ was furious; 8 days later LBJ came Nation was shocked at the footage; LBJ was furious; 8 days later LBJ came before a nationally televised joint session of Congress to propose a before a nationally televised joint session of Congress to propose a

new new voting rights law.voting rights law. Bypassed the local officials who often refused to register African Americans.Bypassed the local officials who often refused to register African Americans. The law also outlawed discriminatory devices like literacy tests.The law also outlawed discriminatory devices like literacy tests. Dramatic results: Almost 250,000 registered new voters by end of the year;Dramatic results: Almost 250,000 registered new voters by end of the year;

Elected officials rose from 100 in 1965 to over 5,000 in 1990.Elected officials rose from 100 in 1965 to over 5,000 in 1990. Marked a turning point in the civil rights movement.Marked a turning point in the civil rights movement. After 1965, African Americans shifted focus to achieving full equality, & poverty.After 1965, African Americans shifted focus to achieving full equality, & poverty.

i.i. Voting Rights Act of 1965 – U.S.Voting Rights Act of 1965 – U.S.Attorney General can send Attorney General can send federal examiners to registerfederal examiners to registerqualified voters.qualified voters.

20062006

LBJ and MLK,LBJ and MLK,1965.1965.

Not needed afte

r

Obama’s election?

Page 22: Ch. 16.The Civil Rights Movement (1954-1968).  In 1896, the Supreme Court ruled segregation was constitutional in Plessy vs. Ferguson, establishing the

Racism persisted through the 1950’s and 60’s; African Americans Racism persisted through the 1950’s and 60’s; African Americans trapped in the inner city ghettos; segregated neighborhoods (white trapped in the inner city ghettos; segregated neighborhoods (white flight); high crime & dropout rates; channeled into low paying jobs.flight); high crime & dropout rates; channeled into low paying jobs.

Civil Rights movement made progress, but individuals felt they were no Civil Rights movement made progress, but individuals felt they were no better off than before; frustrated.better off than before; frustrated.

IIII.. New Issues.New Issues.

Mississippi NAACP Mississippi NAACP leader Medgar Eversleader Medgar Evers

(center), with national (center), with national president Roy Wilkinspresident Roy Wilkins& local police (1964)& local police (1964)..

Page 23: Ch. 16.The Civil Rights Movement (1954-1968).  In 1896, the Supreme Court ruled segregation was constitutional in Plessy vs. Ferguson, establishing the

A.A. The Watts Riot (1965) – Race riot The Watts Riot (1965) – Race riot started started over allegations of police brutality.over allegations of police brutality.

Race riot erupted just 5 days after LBJ signed the Voting Rights Act.Race riot erupted just 5 days after LBJ signed the Voting Rights Act. Lasted 6 days; required over 14K National Guard and 1,500 law enforcement Lasted 6 days; required over 14K National Guard and 1,500 law enforcement

officers to restore order; Rioters burned entire neighborhoods; caused officers to restore order; Rioters burned entire neighborhoods; caused $45 million in property damage; killed 34 people and injured 900 people.$45 million in property damage; killed 34 people and injured 900 people.

Race riots broke out in dozens of US cities between 1965 and 1968.Race riots broke out in dozens of US cities between 1965 and 1968. MLK shifted his focus to economic rights.MLK shifted his focus to economic rights.

Page 24: Ch. 16.The Civil Rights Movement (1954-1968).  In 1896, the Supreme Court ruled segregation was constitutional in Plessy vs. Ferguson, establishing the

B.B. Black Power.Black Power.

1.1. Malcolm X and the Black Muslims Malcolm X and the Black Muslims (Nation (Nation of Islam) – Separate themselves of Islam) – Separate themselves from from whites & form own self whites & form own self

governing communities.governing communities.

Malcolm X (Malcolm Little to X as a symbol for his family that was enslaved); Malcolm X (Malcolm Little to X as a symbol for his family that was enslaved); charismatic speaker. charismatic speaker.

Black Muslims did not advocate violence, but did advocate self-defense.Black Muslims did not advocate violence, but did advocate self-defense. Broke with Black Muslims after scandals and traveled to Mecca (Saudi Arabia);Broke with Black Muslims after scandals and traveled to Mecca (Saudi Arabia);

Saw Muslims of different backgrounds worshipping together; New theory Saw Muslims of different backgrounds worshipping together; New theory on race relations; criticized the Black Muslims until 3 members shot on race relations; criticized the Black Muslims until 3 members shot Malcolm X in Feb 1965 while he was giving a speech in NY.Malcolm X in Feb 1965 while he was giving a speech in NY.

Malcolm XMalcolm X

Page 25: Ch. 16.The Civil Rights Movement (1954-1968).  In 1896, the Supreme Court ruled segregation was constitutional in Plessy vs. Ferguson, establishing the

2.2. Black Panthers – Believed a Black Panthers – Believed a revolution revolution was necessary to get equal was necessary to get equal rights; Self-rights; Self- defense.defense.

Organizers considered themselves as heirs to Malcolm X.Organizers considered themselves as heirs to Malcolm X. Recruited from poor inner-cities; “Ten Point Program.”Recruited from poor inner-cities; “Ten Point Program.” Eldridge Cleaver authored best selling book on organization’s goals, Eldridge Cleaver authored best selling book on organization’s goals, Soul on IceSoul on Ice, ,

in 1967.in 1967. Many different African American groups with competing philosophies for reaching Many different African American groups with competing philosophies for reaching

equality; some included violence which alienated white supporters.equality; some included violence which alienated white supporters.

Page 26: Ch. 16.The Civil Rights Movement (1954-1968).  In 1896, the Supreme Court ruled segregation was constitutional in Plessy vs. Ferguson, establishing the

Tommie Smith (center) Tommie Smith (center) and John Carlos (right) and John Carlos (right)

showing the Black showing the Black Power salute in the Power salute in the

1968 Summer Olympics 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City, while in Mexico City, while Silver medalist Peter Silver medalist Peter

Norman (left) wears an Norman (left) wears an Olympic Project for Olympic Project for

Human Rights badge to Human Rights badge to show his support for the show his support for the

two Americans.two Americans.

Page 27: Ch. 16.The Civil Rights Movement (1954-1968).  In 1896, the Supreme Court ruled segregation was constitutional in Plessy vs. Ferguson, establishing the

C.C. Assassination of MLK – Apr 4, 1968, in Assassination of MLK – Apr 4, 1968, in Memphis, TN, by a sniper. Memphis, TN, by a sniper.

The night before assassination, MLK told a gathering the night before that “I’ve The night before assassination, MLK told a gathering the night before that “I’ve been to the mountaintop… I’ve looked over and I’ve seen the promise land. been to the mountaintop… I’ve looked over and I’ve seen the promise land. I may not get there with you, but I want you to know tonight that we as a I may not get there with you, but I want you to know tonight that we as a people will get to the promise land.”people will get to the promise land.”

Assassination touched off national morning and riots in over 100 cities.Assassination touched off national morning and riots in over 100 cities.

King is murdered on the balcony of the Lorraine Motel

in Memphis, Tennessee (1968).